The present review article relates to some theoretical aspects of liquid crystals, particularly types and phases of liquid crystals. In recent years mesophase has gained a great deal of attention and is yet another exciting lipid-based system for drugs, Proteins, and vaccine delivery. On the whole, the existing research advancement of different phases of liquid crystals as a drug delivery system has been discussed and explored in detail. It is concluded that different phases of liquid crystals are promising to sustain the drug release from the internal nanostructure. Peptide-based therapeutics and enzymes can also be delivered through liquid crystals. Liquid crystals may be the drug carriers of choice soon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
I. Tadwee, S. Shahi, V. Ramteke, et al., Int. J. Pharm. Res. Sci., 1, 6 – 11 (2012).
Z. Qiang, A. R. Oganov, and Z. Xiang-Feng, Top Curr. Chem., 2014, 345 (2014).
C. C. Mueller-Goymann, Liquid crystals in drug delivery. in: J. Swarbrick, J. C. Boylan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York – Basel (2002), pp. 834 – 853.
L. K. Omray, Curr. Trends Technol. Sci., 2, 347 – 351, (2013).
C. L. Stevenson, D. B. Bennett, and D. Lechuga-Ballesteros, J. Pharm. Sci., 94, 1861 – 1880 (2005).
R. Muzzalupo, L. Tavano, S. Nicoletta, and S. Trombina, J. Drug Target., 18, 404 – 411 (2010).
G. V. Rama Rao, M. Triveni, and N. Srinivas Rao, Int. J. Eng. Res., 3, 160 – 165 (2015).
M. R. Fisch, S. Kumar, Introduction to liquid crystals, in: S. Kumar (Ed.), Liquid Crystals: Experimental Study of Physical Properties and Phase Transitions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2001) pp. 1 – 28.
B. Sivaranjini, R. Mangaiyarkarasi, V. Ganesh, et al., Sci. Rep., 8, 8891 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27039-3
D. Andrienko. J. Mol. Liq., 267, 520 – 541 (2018).
G. S. Ginsburg, D. Atkinson, and D. M. Small, Prog. Lipid Res., 23, 135 – 167 (1984).
K. B. Dada and E. Momoniat, Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow, 20, 429 – 444 (2010).
G. Rai, D. Jain, Liq. Cryst., 4, 129 – 134 (2010).
P. P. Gaikwad and M. T. Desai, Int. J Pharm. Res. Rev., 2, 40 – 52 (2013).
P. J. Sinko (Ed.), Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5th edition, LippincottWilliams &Wilkins, Philadelphia (2006), pp. 41, 42.
S. T. Hyde, Identification of lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases. in: K. Holmberg (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (2001) pp. 201 – 215.
S. K. Owusu-Ware, B. Z. Chowdhry, S. A. Leharne, et al., J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 127, 415 – 421 (2017).
K. V. Axenov and S. Laschat, Materials (Basel), 4, 206 – 259 (2011).
Y. Tyagi, Pharm. Innov. J., 7, 540 – 545 (2018).
M. Kýlýc and Z. Cýnar, J. Mol. Struct. THEOCHEM, 808, 53 – 61 (2007).
J. W. Good, Handbook of Visual Display Technology, pp. 1243 – 1287.
J. A. Rego, J. A. A. Harvey, A. L. MacKinnon, et al., Liq. Cryst., 37, 37 – 43 (2010).
A. Avazpour and S. M. Hekmatzadeh, Iranian J. Phys. Res., 14, 27 – 65 (2014).
L. A. Madsen, T. J. Dingemans, M. Nakata, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 145 – 505 (2004).
I. Dierking. Symmetry, 6, 444 – 472 (2014).
J. A. Castellano, in: Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry,World Scientific Publishing (2005), ISBN 978-981-238-956-5.
A. R. E. Bras, T. Casimiro, J. Caldeira, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 50, 1857 – 1860 (2005).
S. Kubo, Z. Z. Gu, K. Takahashi, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 10950 – 10951 (2002).
P. Kirsch, M. Bremer, F. Huber, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 5414 – 5417 (2001).
I. Chashechnikova, L. Dolgov, T. Gavrilko, et al., J. Mol. Struct., 744 – 747, 563 – 571 (2005).
I. Dierking, Textures of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (2003), ISBN 3-527-30725-7.
A. Yu. Bobrovsky, N. I. Boiko, V. P. Shibaev, Liq. Cryst., 27, 219 – 223 (2000).
N. Amaoki, Adv. Mater., 13, 1135 – 1147 (2001).
A. Ryabchun and A. Bobrovsky, Adv. Opt. Mater., 6, 1800335 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800335.
H. Kleinert and K. Maki, Fortsch. Phys., 29, 219 – 259 (1981).
I. Dierking. Symmetry, 6, 444 – 472, (2014). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6020444
R. Berardi, S. Orlandi, D. J. Photinos, et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 770 – 777 (2002).
G. Singh, S. Kumar, and S.-W. Kang, Ref. Module Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.01257-1.
K. Binnemans, Chem. Rev., 105, 4148 – 4204 (2005).
P. J. Repasky, D. M. Agra-Kooijman, S. Kumar, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 120, 2829 – 2837 (2016).
A. Gowda and S. Kumar, Materials (Basel), 11, 382, (2018). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11030382.
S. Kumar, Chem. Soc. Rev., 35, 83 – 109 (2006).
E. Paineau, M. Krapf, M. Amara, et al., Nat. Commun., 7, 10271 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10271.
R. J. Bushby, O. R. Lozman, Curr. Opin. Coloid Interf. Sci., 7, 343 – 354 (2002) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(02)00085-7.
F. A. Olate, J. A. Ulloa, J. M. Vergara, et al., Liq. Cryst., 43, 811 – 827 (2016).
D. Andrienko, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, IMPRS School, Bad Marienberg (2006).
M. Gharbia, A. Gharbi, H. T. Nguyen, et al., Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci. 7, 312 – 325 (2002).
J. M. Elliott, J. R. Chipperfield, S. Clark, and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 40, 6390 – 6396 (2001).
D. M. Huck, H. L. Nguyen, P. N. Horton, et al., Polyhedron, 25 (2), 307 – 324 (2006).
R. L. Coelho, E. Westphal, D. Z. Mezalira, and H. Gallardo, Liq. Cryst., 44, 405 – 416 (2017).
T. Yasuda, H. Ooi, J. Morita, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 411 – 419 (2009).
S. O. Kim, C. M. Koo, I. J. Chung, et al., Macromolecules, 34, 8961 – 8967 (2001).
F. Ammar-Khodja, S. Guermouche, M. H. Guermouche, et al., Chroma, 70, 497 – 502 (2009).
G. W. Gray and P. A. Winsor (Eds.), Liquid Crystals and Plastic Crystals, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1974), Vol. 1, p. 19.
C. Guo, J. Wang, F. Cao, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 15, 1032 – 1040 (2010).
D. H. Kim, A. Jahn, S. J. Cho, et al., J. Pharm. Invest., 45, 1 – 11 (2015).
Q. Liang, P. Liu, C. Liu, et al., Polymer. 46, 6258 – 6265 (2005).
G. Ungar and X. Zeng, Soft Matter, 1, 95 – 106 (2005).
W. Sun, J. J. Vallooran, and R. Mezzenga, Langmuir, 31, 4558 – 4565 (2015). doi: 10.1021 / acs.langmuir.5b00579.
W. Sun, J. J. Vallooran, and R. Mezzenga, Langmuir, 31, 4558 – 4565 (2015).
W. Sun, J. J. Vallooran, R. Mezzenga, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 1507 – 1512 (2016).
N. Tran, A. M. Hawley, J. Zhai, et al., Langmuir, 32, 4509 – 4520 (2016).
D. Wang, Y. Cao, M. Cao, et al., Chem. Phys. Chem., 7, 2079 – 2087 (2016).
E. Nazaruk, P. Miszta, S. Filipek, et al., Langmuir, 31, 12753 – 12761 (2015).
Q. Liu, Y. Dong, B. J. Boyd, Langmuir, 32, 5155 – 5161 (2016).
B. Roy, S. Satpathi, P. Hazra, Langmuir, 32, 3057 – 3065 (2016).
C. J. Drummond and C. Fong, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci., 4, 449 – 456 (1999).
A. Gezae Daful, V. A. Baulin, J. B. Avalos, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 115, 3434 – 3443 (2011).
D. Lombardo, M. A. Kiselev, S. Magazù, et al., Adv. Condens. Matter Phys., 2015, Article ID 151683 (2015). 10.1155/2015/151683.
J. Zhao, Z. N. Wang, X. L. Wei, et al., Indian J. Chem., 50, 641 – 649 (2011).
A. Yaghmur and O. Glatter, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 147 – 148, 333 – 342 (2009).
P. T. Spicer, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci. 10, 274 – 279 (2005).
L. Sagalowicz, M. E. Leser, H. J. Watzke, et al., Trends Food Sci. Technol., 17, 204 – 214 (2006).
K. Larsson, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci., 5, 64 – 69 (2000).
J. Y. T. Chong, X. Mulet, L. J. Waddington, et al., Soft Matter, 7, 4768 – 4777 (2011).
J. Y. T. Chong, X. Mulet, L. J. Waddington, et al., Langmuir, 28, 9223 – 9232 (2012).
Y. Chen, P. Ma, S. Gui, BioMed Res. Int., 2014, Article ID 815981 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/815981.
M. Gontsarik, M. T. Buhmann, A. Yaghmur, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 3482 – 3486 (2016).
T. E. Hartnett, K. Ladewig, A. J. O'Connor, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 118, 7430 – 7439 (2014).
T. Kaasgaard and C. J. Drummond, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 4957 – 4975 (2006).
L. Bitan-Cherbakovsky, D. Libster, D. Appelhans, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 118, 4016 – 4024 (2014).
S. E. Friberg, C. S. Wohn, and F. E. Lockwood. J. Pharm. Anal., 74, 771 – 773 (1985).
M. K. Nemanic and P. M. Elias, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 28, 573 – 578 (1980).
Y. D. Dong, I. Larson, T. Hanley, et al., Langmuir, 22, 9512 – 9518 (2006).
J. Bender, M. B. Ericson, N. Merclin, et al., J. Control. Release, 106, 350 – 360 (2005).
L. B. Lopes, J. L. Lopes, D. C. Oliveira, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 63, 146 – 155 (2006).
L. B. Lopes, J. H. Collett, and M. V. Bentley, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 60, 25 – 30 (2005).
L. B. Lopes, D. A. Ferreira, and D. Paula, Pharm. Res., 23, 1332 – 1342 (2006).
L. B. Lopes, F. F. Speretta, and M. V. Bentley, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 32, 209 – 215 (2007).
E. Esposito, R. Cortesi, M. Drechsler, et al., Pharm. Res., 22, 2163 – 2173 (2005).
M. Cohen-Avrahami, A. Aserin, N. Garti, Colloid Surf. B, 77, 131 – 138 (2010).
D. Yariv, R. Efrat, D. Libster, et al., Colloid Surf. B, 78, 185 – 192 (2010)
L. S. Helledi, and L. Schubert, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 27, 1073 – 1081 (2001).
M. Aytekin, R. N. Gursoy, S. Ide, et al., Drug Dev Ind Pharm., 39, 228 – 239 (2013).
A. Namdeo, N. K. Jain, J. Control. Release, 82, 223 – 236 (2002).
L. Brinon, S. Geiger, V. Alard, et al., J. Control. Release, 60, 67 – 76 (1999).
D. Libster, A. Aserin, E. Wachtel, et al., J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 308, 514 – 524 (2007).
W. Schuetze, C. C. Muiier-Goymann, Colloid. Polym. Sci., 269, 85 – 90 (1992).
K. Yamada, J. Yamashita, H. Todo, et al., J. Oleo Sci., 60, 31 – 40 (2011).
A. Tambade, N. H. Aloorkar, N. S. Dabane, et al., Am. J. Adv. Drug Deliv., 2, 364 – 386 (2014).
P. Hiwale, S. Lampis, S. Murgia, et al., J. Dispesr. Sci. Technol., 5, 1286 – 1293 (2017).
D. I. Nesseem, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 26, 387 – 399 (2001).
J. M. Hosmer, A. A. Steiner, and L. B. Lopes, Pharm. Res., 30, 694 – 706 (2013).
I. Martiel, N. Baumann, J. J. Vallooran, et al., J. Control. Release, 204, 78 – 84 (2015).
Y. Li, C. Dong, D. Cun, et al., AAPS PharmSciTech, 17, 767 – 777 (2016).
M. H. Oyafuso, F. C. Carvalho, L. A. Chiavacci, et al., J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 15, 817 – 826 (2015).
P. A. Rocha-Filho, M. Maruno, M. Ferrari, et al., Molecules, 21, 680 (2016).
A. L. Carvalho, J. A. Silva, A. A. Lira, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 105, 2188 – 2193 (2016)
Y. Xu, M. Laupheimer, N. Preisig, et al., Langmuir, 31, 8589 – 8598 (2015).
L. N. Borgheti-Cardoso, L. V. Depieri, H. Diniz, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 58, 72 – 82 (2014).
L. N. Borgheti-Cardoso, L. V. Depieri, S. A. A. Kooijmans, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 74, 103 – 117 (2015).
R. Petrilli, J. O. Eloy, F. S. G. Praça, et al., J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 12, 1063 – 1075 (2016).
N. Naga, A. Okada, Y. Satoh, et al., Liq. Cryst., 43, 1616 – 1625 (2016).
B. Fonseca-Santos, A. M. Santos, C. F. Rodero, et al., Int. J. Nanomed., 11, 4553 – 4562. (2016).
B. J. Boyd, D. V. Whittaker, S. Khoob, et al., Int. J. Pharm., 309, 218 – 226 (2006).
X. Ren, D. Svirskis, R. G. Alany, et al., Int. J Pharm., 431, 130 – 137 (2012).
Z. Ali, P. K. Sharma, M. H. Warsi. J. App. Pharm. Sci., 6, 204 – 208 (2016).
S. Mackeben, M. Muller, C. C. Muller-Goymann, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 183 – 185, 699 – 713 (2001).
R. Liu, S. Wang, S. Fang, et al., Nanoscale Res. Lett., 11, 254 (2016)
W. J. Wu, J. Li, L. Wu, et al., AAPS PharmSciTech, 14, 1063 – 1071 (2013).
D. Achouri, M. Sergent, A. Tonetto, et al., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 41, 493 – 501 (2015).
P. Verma and M. Ahuja, Drug Deliv., 23, 3043 – 3054 (2016).
M. H. Shah and A. Paradkar, Int. J. Pharm., 294, 161 – 171 (2005).
S. Al-Sayed, E. Khalil, H. Ibrahimc, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 53, 343 – 352 (2002).
B. J. Boyd, S. M. Khoo, D. V. Whittaker, et al., Int. J. Pharm., 340, 52 – 60 (2007).
R. Negrini and R. Mezzenga, Langmuir, 27, 5296 – 5303 (2011).
A. C. Pham, L. Hong, O. Montagnat, et al., Mol. Pharm., 13, 280 – 286 (2016).
H. Chung, J. Kim, J. Y. Um, et al., Diabetologia, 45, 448 – 451 (2002).
W. R. Kadhum, T. Oshizaka, H. Ichiro, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 88, 282 – 290 (2016).
J. Lai, J Chen, Y. Lu, et al., AAPS PharmSciTech, 10, 960 – 966 (2009).
N. Zeng, X. Gao, Q. Hu, et al., Int. J. Nanomed., 7, 3703 – 3718 (2012).
Q. Luo, T. Y. Lin, C. Y. Zhang, et al., Int. J. Pharm., 493, 30 – 39 (2015).
C. M. Spillmann, J. Naciri, W. R. Algar, et al., ACS Nano, 8, 6986 – 6997 (2014).
C. Souza, E. Watanabe, L. Neves, et al., J. Pharm Sci., 103, 3914 – 3923 (2014).
Z. Yang, M. Chen, M. Yang, et al., Int. Nanomed., 9, 327 – 336 (2014).
A. B. Bhatt, T. J. Barnes, C. A. Prestidge. Curr. Drug Deliv., 12, 47 – 55 (2015).
J. Bernegossi, G. Maria, F. Calixto, et al., Molecules, 21, 37 (2016).
D. R. Lee, J. S. Park, I. H. Bae, et al., Int. Nanomed., 11, 853 – 871 (2016).
C. C. Muller-Goymann, Eur. J. Pharma. Biopharm., 58, 343 – 356 (2004).
E. Mathiowitz, J. Jacob, D. Chickering, Y. Jong, and E. Edwards, Liquid Crystalline Polymers, US20020155146A1.
Jin Young Ko, Ji Yeon Kim, So Hyun Park, SungWon An, and Min Hyo Ki, Sustained-Release Lipid Pre-Concentrate of Pharmacologically Active Substance and Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising the Same, WO2013032207A1.
W. Schuberth and J. F. Hanny. Cholesteric Compositions, US4301023A
G. Cioca, J. A. Hayward, M. L. Tan, M. Herstein, W. P. Smith, Liquid Crystal Containing Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods for Utilizing Such Compositions, US4999348A.
R. Akamatsu, M. Fujii, T. Sakaguchi, and E. Horisawa, Liquid Crystals Emulsion Type Pharmaceutical Composition Containing Cyclosporine and Therapeutic Method of Treating Cutaneous Disease Therewith. CA2697756A1.
M. S. Ferritto, Z. Lin, and W. J. Schulz, Jr., Silicone Liquid Crystals, Vesicles, and Gels, US 6608126.
K. R. Thorat, and R. B. Laware, J. Drug Deliv. Therap., 9, 116 – 125 (2019).
H. A. Abo El-Enin, J. Pharm. Innov., 15, 80 – 93 (2020). 10.1007 / s12247-019-09371-x
M. Kazemi, J. Varshosaz, M. Tabbakhian, Adv. Biomed. Res., 7, 126, (2018).
D. Nagaraju, K. Y. Shravan, S. Pavani, et al., Glob. J. Pharm.. Sci., 7, 5, 555721 (2019). DOI: 10.19080/GJPPS. 2019.07.555721.
Z. Yang, X. Liang, X. Jiang, et al., Molecules, 23, 9, pii: E2275. (2018). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092275.
A. Yaghmur, B. V. Tran, S. M. Moghimi, Molecules, 16, (2020). 25doi:10.3390/molecules25010016.
M. Mierzwa, A. Cytryniak, P. Krysinski, et al., Nanomaterials, 9, 636, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040636
L. Zhang, J. Li, and D. Tian, Cell Death Disease, 11, (2020). 10.1038/s41419-019-2182-0
L. Boge, K. Hallstensson, L. Ringstad, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 134, 60 – 67, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.009.
H. A. l-Enin, and A. H. Al-Shanbari, Saudi Pharm. J., 26, 790 – 800, (2018). 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.04.004
P. Astolfi, E. Giorgini, V. Gambini, et al., Langmuir, 33, 12369 – 12378 (2017).
H. Wang, P. B. Zetterlund, C. Boyer., et al., J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 546, 240 – 250 (2019)
Q. Q. Shan, X. J. Jiang, F. Y. Wang, et al., Drug Deliv., 26, 490 – 498 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2019.1602796
S. Pisano, M. Giustiniani, L. Francis, et al., Biomed. Microdevices, 21, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-019-0385-x
J. Mahajan, N. Gujarathi, A. Jadhav, et al., Asian J. Pharma. Res. Dev., 6, 75 – 80 (2018). 10.22270/ajprd.v6i3.349
M. Ola, R. Bhaskar, and G. Patil, J. Drug Deliv. Therap., 8, 4, 93 – 101, (2018).
H. Zhang and Z.Wang, Int. J. Pharm., 565, 283 – 293, (2019). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.021
M. Chountoulesi, N. Pippa, S. Pispas, et al., Int. J. Pharm, 550, 57 – 70, (2018). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.003
J. Wan, S. Wang, Z. Gui, et al., Eur. J. Pharma. Sci., 125, 93 – 101, (2018). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.018
J. Fan, F. Liu, and Z. Wang, Int. J. Pharm., 497, 248 – 254, (2016). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.008
X. Yu, W. Zhou, H. Wanget al., Drug Deliv., 26, 376 – 383 (2019). DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1587046
X. Zhang, Y. Xiao, Z. Huang, et al., Drug Deliv., 27, 449 – 459 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020.1736210
Y. Wei, J. Zhang, Y. Zheng, et al., RSC Adv., 9, 6287 – 6298, (2019).
M. S. Freag, A. S. Torky, M. M. Nasra, et al., Nanomedicine, 14, 931 – 954 (2019). doi: 10.2217/nnm-2018–0345.
N. A. Elgindy, M. M. Mehanna, S. M. Mohyeldin, Int. J. Pharm., 501, 167 – 179 (2016). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.049.
H. Badie, and H. Abbas, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 44, 2013 – 2025 (2018). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2018.1508220
H. M. Abdelaziz, A. O. Elzoghby, M. W. Helm, et al., Int. J. Nanomed., 14, 499 – 517 (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S188335.
M. S. Freag, Y. S. Elnaggar, D. A. Abdelmonsif, et al., Int. J. Nanomed., 11, 4799 – 4818 (2016).
M. N. Musa, S. R. David, I. N. Zulkipli, et al., Bio Impacts, 7, 227 – 239 (2017).
R. Liu, S. Wang, S. Fang, et al., Nanoscale Res. Lett., 11, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1471-0
D. Wang, B. Ma, Z. Wang, et al., Soft Matter, 15, 9011 – 9017 (2019).
C. Gazga-Urioste, E. Rivera-Becerril, G. Pérez-Hernández, et al., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 45, 168 – 176 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2018.1526188
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shete, A., Nadaf, S., Doijad, R. et al. Liquid Crystals: Characteristics, Types of Phases and Applications in Drug Delivery. Pharm Chem J 55, 106–118 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-021-02396-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-021-02396-y