Skip to main content
Log in

Principals’ experiences of being evaluated: a phenomenological study

  • Published:
Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This phenomenological study sought to understand principals’ lived experiences of being evaluated with reliance on the principles of developmental supervision and adult learning theory. Analysis of interview data from 16 principals revealed 3 major constructs in principal evaluation: evaluation is a complex, constantly changing system; principal evaluation is a year-long continuous process; and, effective principal evaluation is transparent, planned, and aligned with personal and system goals. Principal evaluation incorporated experiential and self-directed learning, and emphasized structure, collaboration, and ownership of the process by principals. Directive informational and collaborative interpersonal approaches were favored by principals and their evaluators. The findings contribute new knowledge about the phenomenon and have implications for reconceptualization and redesign of principal evaluation processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baker, B. D., Punswick, E., & Belt, C. (2010). School leadership, principal moves, and departures: Evidence from Missouri. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(4), 523–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkway, P. (2001). Michael Crotty and nursing phenomenology: Criticism or critique? Nursing Inquiry, 8(3), 191–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, C. A., Camburn, E., Sanders, B. R., & Sebastian, J. (2010). Developing instructional leaders: Using mixed methods to explore the black box of planned change in principals’ professional development. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(2), 241–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2003). Becoming a principal: Role conception, initial socialization, role-identity transformation, purposeful engagement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(4), 468–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne-Ferrigno, T., & Muth, R. (2004). Leadership mentoring in clinical practice: Role socialization, professional development, and capacity building. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(4), 468–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catano, N., & Stronge, J. H. (2007). What do we expect of school principals? Congruence between principal evaluation and performance standards. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10(4), 379–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, R. M., & Walker, A. (2006). Inner worlds and outer limits: The formation of beginning school principals in Hong Kong. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(4), 389–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D., Martorell, P., & Rockoff, J. (2009). School principals and school performance. CALDER Working Paper No. 38. Urban Institute.

  • Conlan, J., Grabowski, S., & Smith, K. (2003). Adult Learning. In M. Orey (ed.) Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved from http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/

  • Cooley, V. E., & Shen, J. (2003). School accountability and professional job responsibilities: A perspective from secondary principals. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634), 10–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, G. M. (2006). Complexity and the beginning principal in the United States: perspectives on socialization. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(4), 310–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, H., & Dahlberg, K. (2003). To not make definite what is indefinite. A phenomenological analysis of perception and its epistemological consequences. Journal of the Humanistic Psychologist, 31(4), 34–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, K. (2006). The essence of essences—the search for meaning structures in phenomenological analysis of lifeworld phenomena. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Health and Well-being, 1, 11–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, K., Dahlberg, H., & Nystrom, M. (2008). Reflective Lifeworld Research. Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. (1998). Superintendent’s perspectives on the involuntary departure of public school principals: the most frequent reasons why principals lose their jobs. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34(1), 58–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. H., & Hensley, P. A. (1999). The politics of principal evaluation. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 13(4), 383–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derrington, M. L., & Sharratt, G. (2008). Evaluation of school principals using Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) standards. AASA Journal of Scholarship and Practice, 5(3), 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, D. L. (1992). Concepts of administrative effectiveness and the evaluation of school administrators. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 6(1), 103–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, H. E. (2011, April). Supporting and developing school leaders: Do gender and experience levels affect areas of need? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

  • Ediger, M. (2001). Assessment of school principal achievement (Report No. M032521). Tests, Measurement and Evaluation (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED452235).

  • Engelking, J. L. (2008). Action-oriented principals: Facing the demands of external pressures. Portland: Rowman and Littlefield Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • English, F. W. (2003). The Postmodern challenge to the theory and practice of educational administration. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlandson, D., & Hoyle, J. (1991). Administrator performance evaluation: A comparison of two measures in the management profile. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 4(3), 279–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, D. (2010). The succession challenge: Building and sustaining leadership capacity through succession management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, I. A. (1995). School principal burnout: The concept and its components. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(2), 191–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M. (2010). The awesome power of the principal. Principal, 89(4), 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, E., Young, M., & Baker, B. D. (2011). Do principal preparation programs influence student achievement through the building of teacher-team qualifications by the principal? An exploratory analysis. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(1), 173–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, R., & Thompson, T. (1992). Dilemmas and solutions regarding principal evaluation. Peabody Journal of Education, 68(1), 58–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasman, N. S., & Heck, R. H. (1992). The changing leadership role of the principal: Implications for principal assessment. Peabody Journal of Education, 68(1), 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, C. D. (1981). Developmental supervision: Alternative approaches for helping teachers to improve instruction. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, C. D., Gordon, S. P., & Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2009). The basic guide to supervision and instructional leadership (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldring, E., Cravens, X. C., Murphy, J., Elliot, S. N., Carson, B., & Porter, A. C. (2008). The evaluation of principals: What and how do states and districts assess leadership? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

  • Goodwin, R. H., Cunningham, M. L., & Childress, R. (2003). The changing role of the secondary principal. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634), 26–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Fourth generation evaluation. Newburry Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haar, J. (2004). The role of professional development in the principalship. Catalyst for Change, 33(2), 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P. (2011). A review of three decades of doctoral studies using the principal instructional management rating scale: A lens on methodological progress in educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(2), 271–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of empirical research, 1980–1995. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1989–1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henriques, J., Hollway, W., Urwin, C., Venn, C., & Walkerdine, V. (2005). Changing the subject: Psychology, social regulations, and subjectivity (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, A. W. (1992). The social and organizational influence of principals: Evaluating principals in context. Peabody Journal of Education, 68(1), 37–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heck, R. H., & Marcoulides, G. A. (1992). Principal assessment: conceptual problem, methodological problem, or both? Peabody Journal of Education, 68(1), 124–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, F. J., & Johnston, J. H. (2005). Professional development for principals, by principals. Leadership, 34(5), 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, P. (2004). Principals as supervisors: A balancing act. NASSP Bulletin, 88(639), 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (1962). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology. New York, NY: Macmillian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, S. L., & Bezzina, C. (2008). Effects of leadership on student academic/affective achievement. In J. Lumby, G. Crow, & P. Pashiardis (Eds.), International Handbook on the Preparation and Development of School Leaders (pp. 81–103). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M., & Thomas, M. (2005). Riding the wave of administrator accountability: A portfolio approach. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(4), 368–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimball, S. M., Milanovski, T., & McKinney, S. A. (April, 2007) Implementation of standards-based principal evaluation in one school district: First year results from randomized trial. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

  • Knowles, M. (1980). The modern practice of adult education (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M. (1992). The adult learner: A neglected species (4th ed.). Houston: Gulf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lairon, M., & Vidales, B. (2003). Leaders learning in context. Leadership, 32(5), 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, J. A., & Applebee, A. (1986). Reading and writing instruction: Toward a theory of teaching and learning. Review of Research in Education, 13, 171–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., & Mascall, B. (2008). Collective leadership effects on student achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 529–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linna, A., Vaananen, A., Elovainio, M., Kivimaki, M., Pentti, J., & Vahtera, J. (2011). Effect of participative intervention on organisational justice perceptions: A quasi-experimental study on Finnish public sector employees. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(3), 706–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoharan, T. R., Muralidharan, C., & Deshmukh, S. G. (2011). An integrated fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making model for employees’ performance appraisal. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(3), 722–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, H. M., & Nance, J. P. (2007). Contexts of accountability under systemic reform: Implications for principal influence on instruction and supervision. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 3–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, H., & Supovitz, J. A. (2011). The scope of principal efforts to improve instruction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(2), 332–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCleary, L. (1979). Evaluation of principals. Theory Into Practice, 18(1), 45–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (2001). The Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium: Standards for school leaders. The AASA Professor, 24(2), 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niesche, R. (2010). Discipline through documentation: A form of governmentality for school principals. Leadership in Education, 13(3), 249–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Normore, A. H. (2004). The edge of chaos: School administrators and accountability. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(1), 55–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Day, J. (2002). Complexity, accountability, and school improvement. Harvard Educational Review, 72(3), 293–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orr, M. T., & Orphanos, S. (2011). How graduate-level preparation influences the effectiveness of school leaders: a comparison of the outcomes of exemplary and conventional leadership preparation programs for principals. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(1), 18–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petzko, V. (2008). The perceptions of new principals regarding the knowledge and skills important to their initial success. NASSP Bulletin, 92(3), 224–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pijanovski, J. C., Hewitt, P. M., & Brady, K. P. (2009). Superintendents’perceptions of the principal shortage. NASSP Bulletin, 93(2), 85–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pounder, D., & Crow, G. (2005). Sustaining the pipeline of school administrators. Educational Leadership, 62(5), 56–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rallis, S. F., & Goldring, E. G. (1993). Beyond the individual assessment of principals: School-based accountability in dynamic schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 68(2), 3–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, D. B. (2005). Assessing educational leaders: Evaluating performance for improved individual and organizational results. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, V. M. J., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, B., & Denk, C. E. (1984). Management succession, school socioeconomic status, and basic skills achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 21(3), 517–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackney, L., & Walker, K. (2006). Canadian perspectives on beginning principals: their role in building capacity for learning communities. Journal of Educational Management, 44(4), 341–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar, P. (2007). The professional development needs of rural high school principals: a seven-state study. Rural Educator, 28(3), 20–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simkins, T., Close, P., & Smith, R. (2009). Work-shadowing as a process for facilitating leadership succession in primary schools. School Leadership and Management, 29(3), 239–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smylie, M. A., & Hart, A. W. (1999). School leadership for teacher learning and change: A human and social capital perspective. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 421–440). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, R. (2005). Helping new principals succeed. American School Board Journal, 192(4), 61–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, M., & Youngs, P. (2009). How does district principal evaluation affect learning-centered principal leadership? Evidence from Michigan School Districts. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 8(4), 411–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tschannen-Moran, M., & Gareis, C. R. (2004). Principals’ sense of efficacy: assessing a promising construct. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(5), 573–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, M., & Codding, J. (Eds.). (2002). The principal challenge: Leading and managing schools in an era of accountability. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vagle, M. (2006). Dignity and democracy: An exploration of middle school teachers’ pedagogy. Research in Middle Level Education Online, 29(8), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. London: Althouse Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlstrom, K.L., Louis, K.S., Leithwood, K., & Anderson, S.E. (2010). Investigating the links to improved student learning: Executive summary of research findings. Retrieved from The Wallace Foundation website: http://www.wallacefoundation.org

  • Whitaker, K. S. (2003). Principal role changes and influences on principal recruitment and selection: An international perspective. Journal of Educational Administration, 41(1), 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, H. (2000). Teacher’s perceptions of principal effectiveness in selected secondary schools in Tennessee. Education, 121(2), 264–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, P. A., & Morgenthal, J. R. (2002). Principal recruitment in a reform environment: Effects of school achievement and school level on applicant attraction to the job. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(3), 319–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, P. A., Rinehart, J. S., & Munoz, M. A. (2002). Principal recruitment: An empirical evaluation of a school district’s internal pool of certified personnel. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 16(2), 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witziers, B., Bosner, R. J., & Kruger, M. L. (2003). Educational leadership and student achievement: the elusive search for an association. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(3), 398–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal leadership for professional development to build school capacity. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 643–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oksana Parylo.

Additional information

Research method: Qualitative phenomenological study.

Human subjects research protection: Approved by the institutional IRB.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Parylo, O., Zepeda, S.J. & Bengtson, E. Principals’ experiences of being evaluated: a phenomenological study. Educ Asse Eval Acc 24, 215–238 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-012-9150-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-012-9150-x

Keywords

Navigation