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What is the Relationship Between Teacher Quality and Student Achievement? An Exploratory Study

Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education volume 20, pages 165–184 (2007)Cite this article

Abstract

The major purpose of the study was to examine what constitutes effective teaching as defined by measured increases in student learning with a focus on the instructional behaviors and practices. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) were used to identify teacher effectiveness levels while controlling for student-level and class/school-level variables. Actual achievement of 1936 third grade students in 85 classrooms on the Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL) Assessment results in English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Science were compared to expected achievement resulting in an indicator of teacher effectiveness. Based on student learning gains, teachers were divided into quartiles. The statistical modeling approach facilitated comparisons of outcomes that were free of influences of identified extraneous variables. A double blind design was selected for in-depth cross-case studies with teachers from the highest quartile representing highly effective teachers (N = 5) and the lowest quartile the less effective teachers (N = 6). The observation team assessed the third grade teachers (N = 11) based 20 categories within four domains: instruction, student assessment, classroom management, and personal qualities. Key findings indicate that effective teachers scored higher across the four domains. Additionally, effective teachers tended to ask a greater number of higher level (e.g., analysis) questions and had fewer incidences of off-task behavior than ineffective teachers. The exploratory study identified instructional behaviors and practices of teachers that result in higher student learning gains.

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Notes

  1. Due to the extensive nature of the extant research related to qualities of effective teachers, it is not feasible to provide a comprehensive review in this manuscript. Thus, the manuscript provides only a summary table depicting prominent research related to key teacher qualities. For more in-depth coverage of teacher qualities, see Stronge 2002, 2007, and similar reviews.

  2. Since the Basic OLS and HLM models were not utilized, the statistical results for those analyses are not presented here.

  3. Due to the extensive time and cost involved in conducting case study research, a small sample was selected (N = 11). Thus, caution should be exercised in interpreting the results of this study due to the small sample size.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Education, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA, 23187-8795, USA

    James H. Stronge

  2. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA

    Thomas J. Ward

  3. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Pamela D. Tucker

  4. Teacher Quality Resources, LLC, Williamsburg, VA, USA

    Jennifer L. Hindman

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  1. James H. Stronge
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  2. Thomas J. Ward
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  3. Pamela D. Tucker
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  4. Jennifer L. Hindman
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Correspondence to James H. Stronge.

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Stronge, J.H., Ward, T.J., Tucker, P.D. et al. What is the Relationship Between Teacher Quality and Student Achievement? An Exploratory Study. J Pers Eval Educ 20, 165–184 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-008-9053-z

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Keywords

  • Teacher quality
  • Teacher effectiveness
  • Ineffective teacher
  • Effective teacher
  • Student achievement
  • Questioning
  • Student learning gains