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Microstructural Investigation of Protective and Non-Protective Oxides on 11% Chromium Steel

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FIB, SEM and STEM/EDX were used to investigate X20 stainless-steel samples exposed to dry O2, or O2 containing 40% H2O, with a flow velocity of 0.5 cm/s or 5 cm/s, for 168 hr or 336 hr at 600°C. Thin protective Cr-rich (Cr,Fe)2O3 was maintained on the samples exposed to dry O2, even after 336 hr, and on the sample exposed to O2/H2O mixture with the low-flow velocity (0.5 cm/s) for 168 hr. The oxide scale formed in the latter environment contained less Cr, due to Cr loss through CrO2(OH)2 evaporation. Breakaway oxidation occurred on the samples exposed in high-gas-flow velocity for shorter time (168 hr) or in low-gas-flow velocity (0.5 cm/s) for longer time (336 hr). The breakaway scales featured a two-layered structure: an outward-growing oxide “island” consisting of almost pure hematite (α-Fe2O3), and an inward-growing oxide “crater” consisting of (Cr,Fe)3O4. The transition from a thin protective (Cr,Fe)2O3 scale to a non-protective thick scale on this martensitic/ferritic steel originated locally and was followed by rapid oxide growth, resulting in a thick scale that covered the whole sample surface.

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Acknowledgments

This work was carried out within the Swedish High Temperature Corrosion centre (HTC) with financial support partly provided by the Swedish National Research Council (VR).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden

    F. Liu, J. E. Tang, T. Jonsson, S. Canovic & M. Halvarsson

  2. Department of Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412, Göteborg, Sweden

    K. Segerdahl & J. -E. Svensson

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  1. F. Liu
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  2. J. E. Tang
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  3. T. Jonsson
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  4. S. Canovic
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  5. K. Segerdahl
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  6. J. -E. Svensson
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  7. M. Halvarsson
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Correspondence to M. Halvarsson.

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Liu, F., Tang, J.E., Jonsson, T. et al. Microstructural Investigation of Protective and Non-Protective Oxides on 11% Chromium Steel. Oxid Met 66, 295–319 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-006-9035-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-006-9035-9

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