Abstract
In this paper, we have designed and simulated all-optical logic gates with multi-functionalities based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. All-optical logic gates such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR and NAND are designed, simulated and optimized at 1550 nm wavelength. The operations of the proposed logic gates are based on the phenomenon of interference of optical waves and resonance in the cavity and analyzed with performance parameters such as contrast ratio, transmittance ratio and insertion loss. Based on the identical scheme of photonic crystal structure, multi-functionalities can be realized through tuning refractive index induced by applying voltage or manipulating the initial phase of the input optical wave signals. As a result, the proposed all-optical logic gates with multi-functionalities may contribute to the design of advanced photonic integrated devices.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Barik, S., Miyake, H., DeGottardi, W., Waks, E., Hafezi, M.: Two-dimensionally confined topological edge states in photonic crystals. New. J. Phys. 18, 113013 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/11/113013
Butt, M.A., Khonina, S.N., Kazanskiy, N.L.: Recent advances in photonic crystal optical devices: A review. Opt. Laser Technol. 142, 107265 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107265
Caballero, L.E.P., Neto, O.P.V.: A review on Photonic Crystal Logic Gates. J. Integr. Circuits Syst. 16, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.29292/jics.v16i1.478
Chao, M., Cheng, B., Liu, Q., Zhang, W., Xu, Y., Song, G.: Novel optical XOR/OR logic gates based on topologically protected valley photonic crystals edges. J. Opt. 23, 115002 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac11ac
Christina, X.S., Kabilan, A.P.: Design of Optical Logic Gates using self-collimated beams in 2D Photonic Crystal. Photonic Sens. 2, 173–179 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-012-0054-7
D’souza, N.M., Mathew, V.: Interference based square lattice photonic crystal logic gates working with different wavelengths. Opt. Laser Technol. 80, 214–219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.01.014
Fan, R.R., Yang, X.L., Meng, X.F., Sun, X.W.: 2D photonic crystal logic gates based on self-collimated effect. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 49, 325104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/32/325104
Goudarzi, K., Mir, A., Chaharmahali, I., Goudarzi, D.: All-optical XOR and OR logic gates based on line and point defects in 2-D photonic crystal. Opt. Laser Technol. 78, 139–142 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.10.013
Gupta, P.K., Paltani, P.P., Tripathi, S.: All-optical simultaneous OR and NAND gates using photonic crystal ring resonator and Kerr effect. Phys. Scr. 99, 015021 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad1651
Hussein, H.M.E., Ali, T.A., Rafat, N.H.: New designs of a complete set of photonic crystals logic gates. Opt. Commun. 411, 175–181 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.11.043
Hussein, H.M.E., Ali, T.A., Rafat, N.H.: A review on the techniques for building all-optical photonic crystal logic gates. Opt. Laser Technol. 106, 385–397 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.04.018
Isfahani, B.M., Tameh, T.A., Granpayeh, N., Javan, A.R.M.: All-optical NOR gate based on nonlinear photonic crystal microring resonators. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 26, 1097–1102 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.26.001097
Ishizaka, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Saitoh, K., Koshiba, M.: Design of ultra compact all-optical XOR and AND logic gates with low power consumption. Opt. Commun. 284, 3528–3533 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.03.069
Jiao, S.M., Liu, J.W., Zhang, L.W., Yu, F.H., Zuo, G.M., Zhang, J.M., Zhao, F., Lin, W.H., Shao, L.Y.: All-optical logic gate computing for high-speed parallel information processing. Opto-Electron Sci. 1, 220010 (2022). https://doi.org/10.29026/oes.2022.220010
Joannopoulos, J.D., Johnson, S.G., Winn, J.N., Meade, R.D.: Photonic Crystals Molding the Flow of Light (Second Edition). Princeton University Press (2008)
Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E., Guo, C.L.: All-optical logic gates using E-shaped silicon waveguides at 1.55 µm. J. Appl. Phys. 133, 173101 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2449084/v1
Liu, W.J., Yang, D.Q., Shen, G.S., Tian, H.P., Ji, Y.F.: Design of ultra compact all-optical XOR, XNOR, NAND and OR gates using photonic crystal multi-mode interference waveguides. Opt. Laser Technol. 50, 55–64 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.12.030
Masoud, A.M., Ahmed, I.S., El-Naggar, S.A., Asham, M.D.: Design and simulation of all-optical logic gates based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. J. Opt. 51, 343–351 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-021-00787-8
Meena, P., Zafar, R., Pandey, R., Choure, K.K., Mudgal, N., Singh, G.: Photonic Crystal based all Optical OR and XOR Gate with high contrast ratio and noise margin. C P. 328–331 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/incap52216.2021.9726316
Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A., Olyaee, S.: All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano‐resonator and based on an interference effect. IET Optoelectron. 12, 191–195 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2017.0174
Mostafa, T.S., Mohammed, N.A., El-Rabaie, E.-S.M.: Ultra-high bit rate all-optical AND/OR logic gates based on photonic crystal with multi-wavelength simultaneous operation. J. Mod. Optic. 66(9), 1005–1016 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2019.1598587
Mostafa, T.S., Kroush, S.A., Rabaie, E.-S.M.E.-.: Simultaneous operation of Photonic Crystal ORXOR- NOT gates with minimum size and high bit rate Ring Resonator-Interference based structure. J. A. C.-E. C. C. 222–227 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/jac-ecc56395.2022.10044036
Mubarak Ali, M., Madhupriya, G., Indhumathi, R., Krishnamoorthy, P.: Photonic Processing Core for Recon-Figurable Electronic-Photonic Integrated Circuit. In: Arunachalam, V., Sivasankaran, K. (eds.) Microelec-tronic Devices Circuits and Systems. ICMDCS 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer (2021)
Rani, P., Kalra, Y., Sinha, R.K.: Design of all optical logic gates in photonic crystal waveguides. Optik. 126, 950–955 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.03.003
Rani, P., Fatima, S., Kalra, Y., Sinha, R.K.: Realization of all optical logic gates using universal NAND gates on photonic crystal platform. Superlattice Microst. 109, 619–625 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.05.046
Rao, D.G.S., Swarnakar, S., Palacharla, V., Raju, K.S.R., Kumar, S.: Design of all-optical AND, OR, and XOR logic gates using photonic crystals for switching applications. Photonic Netw. Commun. 41, 109–118 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-020-00916-6
Rigi, R., Sharifi, H., Navi, K.: Configurable all-optical photonic crystal XOR/AND and XNOR/NAND logic gates. Opt. Quant. Electron. 52, 339 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02454-x
Salimzadeh, A., Alipour-Banaei, H.: An all optical 8 to 3 encoder based on photonic crystal OR-gate ring resonators. Opt. Commun. 410, 793–798 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.11.036
Salmanpour, A., Mohammadnejad, S., Bahrami, A.: Photonic crystal logic gates: An overview. Opt. Quant. Electron. 47, 2249–2275 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-014-0102-1
Shaik, E.H., Nakkeeran, R.: Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates. J. Comput. Electron. 17, 337–348 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-017-1081-9
Singh, J.J., Dhawan, D., Gupta, N.: 2D photonic crystal hexagonal ring resonator-based all-optical logic gates. Opt. Laser Technol. 165, 109624 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109624
Soma, S., Gowre, S.K.C., Sonth, M.V., Gadgay, B., Jyoti, B.: Design and simulation of reconfigurable optical logic gates for integrated optical circuits. Opt. Quant. Electron. 55, 340 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04532-8
Sridarshini, T., Indira, G.S.: Compact 3 ×3 wavelength routing for photonic integrated circuits. Photonic Netw. Commun. 36, 68–81 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-018-0757-9
Swarnakar, S., Kumar, K.B., Yashwanth, K.C., Palacharla, V., Muduli, A., Kumar, S.: A Y-shaped photonic integrated device with XNOR/NAND/NOR for optical signal processing. Opt. Quant. Electron. 55, 801 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05068-1
Tang, C.R., Dou, X.Y., Lin, Y.X., Yin, H.X., Wu, B., Zhao, Q.C.: Design of all-optical logic gates avoiding external phase shifters in a two-dimensional photonic crystal based on multi-mode interference for BPSK signals. Opt. Commun. 316, 49–55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.11.053
Tang, G.J., He, X.T., Shi, F.L., Liu, J.W., Chen, X.D., Dong, J.W.: Topological photonic crystals: Physics, designs, and applications. Laser Photonics rev. 16, 2100300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202100300
von Freymann, G., Kitaev, V., Lotschz, B.V., Ozin, G.A.: Bottom-up assembly of photonic crystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 2528–2554 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35309a
Yablonovitch, E.: Inhibited spontaneous Emission in Solid-State Physics and Electronics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2059
Younis, R.M., Areed, N.F.F., Obayya, S.S.A.: Fully Integrated AND and OR Optical Logic Gates. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26, 1900–1903 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2014.2340435
Zhang, Y.L., Zhang, Y., Li, B.J.: Optical switches and logic gates based on self-collimated beams in two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt. Express. 15, 9287–9292 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.009287
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Yanxiang Lu performed the simulation and wrote the main manuscript text.Yanxiang Lu, Weijia Li and Sihui Tian prepared figures.Zhi Ting, Jin Wang, Junjun Xue and Lin Chen provided the discussions.Zhikuo Tao supervised the whole work.All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, Y., Guo, L., Li, W. et al. All-optical logic gates with multi-functionalities based on photonic crystals. Opt Quant Electron 56, 1095 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-07059-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-07059-2