Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Green second-harmonic generation in a periodically poled planar GaN waveguide

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We demonstrate a broadband second-harmonic generator for the green spectral range based on a periodical polarity GaN waveguide structure. We grew the structure with a periodicity of 4 \(\mu \)m using an MOCVD (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition) reactor. We tested the structure using femtosecond laser pulse pumping and obtained the second harmonic (\(\lambda _{SH}\)=512 nm) conversion efficiency 0.79\(\cdot \)10\(^{-7}\) %\(\cdot \)W\(^{-1}\) for the pump peak power of 440 kW inside the waveguide. Based on the theoretical modeling of the dispersion curves of the pump and the second harmonic, we found multiple crossings, including an extended crossing. We relate this fact to the experimentally measured broadened second harmonic spectrum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability and materials

The data is in the author’s disposition and can be accessed directly from the authors.

Code availability

The code is in the author’s disposition and can be accessed only under permission from the authors.

References

  • Blanc, D., Bouchoux, A.M., Plumereau, C., Cachard, A., Roux, J.F.: Phase-matched frequency doubling in an aluminum nitride waveguide with a tunable laser source. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66(6), 659–661 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, S.R., Brown, C.G., Taczak, B.: Optical dispersion and phase matching in gallium nitride and aluminum nitride. Opt. Mater. Expr. 8(4), 1091 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, D., Guo, G.Y.: Tuning linear and nonlinear optical properties of wurtzite GaN by c-axial stress. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42, 185107 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, A., Ng, H.M., Bhardway, M., Weimann, N.G.: Second-harmonic generation in periodically poled GaN. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(6), 1077–1079 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, B., Gao, S., Wang, Z., Zhu, S., Li, T.: Efficient second harmonic generation in silicon covered lithium niobate waveguides. Chin. Opt. Lett. 19(6), 060004 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorova, K.A., Sokolovskii, G.S., Battle, P.R., Livshits, D.A., Rafailov, E.U.: Green-to-red tunable SHG of a quantum-dot laser in a PPKTP waveguide. Laser Phys. Lett. 9(11), 790–795 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorova, K.A., Sokolovskii, G.S., Khomylev, M., Livshits, D.A., Rafailov, E.U.: Efficient yellow-green light generation at 561 nm by frequency-doubling of a QD-FBG laser diode in a PPLN waveguide. Opt. Lett. 39(23), 6672–6674 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gromovyi, M., Brault, J., Courville, A., Rennesson, S., Semond, F., Feuillet, G., Baldi, P., Boucaud, P., Duboz, J.Y., Micheli, M.P.: Efficient second harmonic generation in low-loss planar GaN waveguides. Opt. Expr. 25, 23035–23044 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, W., Xu, H., Chen, L., Yu, H., Jiang, J., Sheikhi, M., Li, L., Dai, Y., Cui, M., Sun, H., Ye, J.: Polarity control and fabrication of lateral polarity structures of III-nitride thin films and devices: progress and prospects. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 53, 483002 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, D.H., Kiehne, G.T., Ketterson, J.B., Wong, G.K.L., Kung, P., Saxler, A., Razeghi, M.: Phase-matched optical second-harmonic generation in GaN and AlN slab waveguides. J. Appl. Phys. 85(5), 2497–2501 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hite, J.K., Bassim, N.D., Twigg, M.E., Mastro, M.A., Kub, F.J., Eddy, C.R., Jr.: Development of periodically oriented gallium nitride for non-linear optics. J. Cryst. Growth 332, 43 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hite, J.K., Twigg, M.E., Mastro, M.A., Freitas, J., Jr., Meyer, J., Vurgaftman, I., O’Connor, S., Condon, N., Kub, F.J., Bowman, S., Eddy, C.R., Jr.: Development of periodically oriented gallium nitride for non-linear optics. Opt. Mater. Expr. 2(9), 1203 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hite, J.K., Zoll, R., Mastro, M.A., Eddy, C.R., Jr.: Role of growth parameters in equalizing simultaneous growth of N- and Ga-polar GaN by MOCVD. Phys. Status Solidi C 11(3–4), 458 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, M.P., Gerhold, M., Kirste, R., Rice, A., Akouala, C.R., Xie, J.Q., Mita, S., Collazo, R., Sitar, Z.: Fabrication and characterization of lateral polar GaN structures for second harmonic generation. SPIE Proc. 8631, 86311 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008827

  • Hum, D.S., Fejer, M.M.: Quasi-phasematching. C. R. Phys. 8(2), 180–198 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishigame, Y., Suhara, T., Nishihara, H.: LiNbO\(_{3}\) waveguide second-harmonic-generation device phase matched with a fan-out domain-inverted grating. Opt. Lett. 16(6), 375 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara, H., Shimada, K., Umeda, S., Yokoyama, N., Honda, H., Kurose, K., Kawata, Y., Sugita, A., Inoue, Y., Uemukai, M., Tanikawa, T., Katayama, R., Nakano, T.: Fabrication and evaluation of rib-waveguide-type wavelength conversion devices using GaN-QPM crystals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 61, 1020 (2022) https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac727a

  • Kezys, D., Pyragaite, V., Stabinis, A., Butkus, R., Smilgevičius, V.: Influence of parametric diffractionon conversion efficiency in two-beam-pumped optical parametric amplifier. Opt. Commun. 324, 58–62 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kogelnik, H., Shank, C.V.: Coupled-wave theory of distributed feedback lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 2327–2335 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kores, C.C., Canalias, C., Laurell, F.: Quasi-phase matching waveguides on lithium niobate and KTP for nonlinear frequency conversion: A comparison. APL Photon. 6, 091102 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuze, K., Osumi, N., Fujita, Y., Inoue, Y., Nakano, T.: Analysis of interface formation mechanism in GaN double-polarity selective-area growth by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxyn. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55, 05–05 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, Y.Y., Hsu, S.C., Chang, H.S., Wu, Y.C.S., Chen, C.H., Chen, L.Y., Cheng, Y.J.: The study of wet etching on GaN surface by potassium hydroxide solution. Res. Chem. Intermed. 43, 3563–3572 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.C., Savage, A.: Temperature dependence of the optical properties of ferroelectric LiNbO\(_{3}\) and LiTaO\(_{3}\). Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 169 (1966)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Petruškevičius, R., Kezys, D., Malinauskas, T., Kolenda, M., Tomašiūnas, R.: Quasi-phase-matching Method Based on Coupling Compensation for Second Harmonic Generation in GaN Waveguides. In: Proceedings of 21\(^{st}\) International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), IEEE, Fr.A5.2 (3 p.) (2019). ICTON2019, Angers, France. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2019.8840244

  • Petruskevicius, R., Bellanca, G., Bassi, P.: Nonlinear PML boundary conditions for nonparaxial BPM in \(\chi ^{(2)}\) materials. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(10), 1434–1436 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigler, M., Troha, T., Guo, W., Kirste, R., Bryan, I., Collazo, R., Sitar, Z., Zgonik, M.: Second-harmonic generation of blue light in GaN waveguides. Appl. Sci. 8, 1218 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stegeman, G.I., Seaton, C.T.: Nonlinear integrated optics. J. Appl. Phys. 58, 57 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaičaitis, V., Balachninaitė, O., Morgner, U., Babushkin, I.: Terahertz radiation generation by three-color laser pulses in air filament. J. Appl. Phys. 125, 173103 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanherzeele, H., Bierlein, J.D.: Magnitude of the nonlinear-optical coefficients of KTiOPO\(_{4}\). Opt. Lett. 17, 982 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H., Shi, Y.: Diffraction engineering for silicon waveguide grating antenna by harnessing bound state in the continuum. Nanophotonics 9(6), 1439–1446 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X.P., Hebling, J., Kuhl, J., Rühle, W.W., Giessen, H.: Efficient intracavity generation of visible pulses in a femtosecond near-infrared optical parametric oscillator. Opt. Lett. 26(24), 2005–2007 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zywietz, T., Neugebauer, J., Scheffler, M.: Adatom diffusion at gan (0001) and (000–1) surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 487 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the European Regional Development Fund according to the supported activity“Research Projects Implemented by World-class Researcher Groups”under Measure No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718 (Project code 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-01-0018).

Funding

This research was funded by the European Regional Development Fund according to the supported activity“Research Projects Implemented by World-class Researcher Groups”under Measure No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718 (Project code 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-01-0018). A.V. and V.V. did not receive funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania

    M. Kolenda, T. Grinys, A. Vaitkevičus, A. Kadys, I. Reklaitis & R. Tomašiūnas

  2. State research institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania

    D. Kezys & R. Petruškevičius

  3. Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 10, Vilnius, 10223, Lithuania

    V. Vaičaitis

Authors
  1. M. Kolenda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Kezys
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. Grinys
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Vaitkevičus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Kadys
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. I. Reklaitis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. V. Vaičaitis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. Petruškevičius
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. R. Tomašiūnas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MK, AV, IR investigated; DK performed formal analysis, wrote the original draft and edited; TG performed structure fabrication; AK performed growth; VV investigated and wrote the original draft: RP conceptualized, performed formal analysis, wrote the original draft and edited; RT conceptualized, investigated, wrote the original draft, edited and supervised.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Tomašiūnas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

(check journal-specific guidelines for which heading to use). The authors have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

The authors agreed to participate.

Consent for publication

The authors agreed for the publication.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file 1 (pdf 874 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kolenda, M., Kezys, D., Grinys, T. et al. Green second-harmonic generation in a periodically poled planar GaN waveguide. Opt Quant Electron 56, 778 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06506-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06506-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation