Abstract
This study demonstrates the significant impact of gallium ions on the local structure and physical, optical, and biological properties of borosilicate glasses. The glass composition, denoted as BSCZG, with the formula (50B2O3–5SiO2–15ZnO–(30-x)CaO–xGa2O3), where 0 \(\le\) x ≤ 20 mol%, was synthesized using the melt quenching technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the BSCZG samples, presenting a broad hump. Analysis of the attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) results revealed the transformation of BO4 units into BO3 units, accompanied by generating non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) with increasing Ga2O3 content. As Ga2O3 content increased from 0 to 20 mol%, the experimental density (ρexp) and molar volume (Vm) of BSCZG glasses also increased, shifting from 2.70 to 3.14 g cm−3 and from 24.66 to 29.58 cm3 mol−1, respectively were also observed. This increment in Vm can be attributed to the rise in NBOs. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was observed between the optical band gap (Eopt) and optical band tail energy (EU); Eopt decreased from 3.27 to 3.08 eV, while EU increased from 0.20 to 0.25 eV with the Ga2O3 content rising from 0 to 20 mol%. The refractive index (n) of BSCZG glasses also increased from 1.52 to 1.57 as Ga2O3 content increased. Additionally, XRD patterns and ATR-FTIR spectra of BSCZG confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) following assessment in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3, 7, and 14 days. Protein adsorption in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cell viability (MTT) assays using Vero cells, and immersion in SBF were conducted to assess the bioactivity of the prepared samples. The results indicated that gallium ions containing borosilicate glasses exhibited significantly higher degradation rates than the Ga-free glass sample. Despite increased chemical durability, the substituted glasses displayed a favorable in vitro bioactive response. SBF results suggested that BSCZG glasses were more likely to contain higher concentrations of HA due to the elevated content of Ga ions. In conclusion, borosilicate glasses incorporating Ga3+ ions demonstrate promising effects for both optical and biomedical applications.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Contact corresponding author: elawadyahmed59@gmail.com.
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All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Materials preparation was performed by TMT, AI, and MYH. Data collection and analysis were performed by all; further, AFM accomplished the structure analysis. The original draft of the manuscript was written by AI, and then all authors contributed to the discussion and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Tiama, T.M., Ibrahim, A., Hassaan, M.Y. et al. The impact of gallium ions on borosilicate glasses for structural, optical and biological applications. Opt Quant Electron 56, 63 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05677-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05677-w