Abstract
This paper introduces a novel design of a tapered rib waveguide utilizing Hybrid Chalcogenide material. The waveguide is 4 mm in length and has a core of GAP-Se. GAP-Se is a combination of GeSe2, As2Se3, and PbSe. The upper and lower cladding are made of SiO2. The varying height of the rib layer results in a reduced effective mode area and an increased nonlinear coefficient. To achieve a desirable and intended supercontinuum spectrum in this waveguide, we utilize a pump pulse with a pulse duration of 100 fs and a power of 1 kW at a wavelength of 3.1 µm. We can change the waveguide dimensions to control and engineer the dispersion properties, which give us two zero dispersion wavelengths at 2.81 µm and 4.91 µm. As a result, we get a supercontinuum spectrum from 2.2 to 5 µm with a bandwidth of 2.8 µm. This design can be useful for different purposes such as biomedical, sensors, and optical coherence tomography.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
This manuscript has associated data in a data repository. [Authors’ comment: This work is theoretical research and the data used to support the findings of the study are available within the article.]
References
Agrawal, G.P.: Nonlinear Fiber Optics. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2013)
Alfano, R.R., Shapiro, S.L.: Observation of self-phase modulation and small-scale filaments in crystals and glasses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 24(11), 592–594 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.592
Alizadeh, M.R., Seifouri, M.: Design and analysis of a dispersion-engineered and highly nonlinear rib waveguide for generation of broadband supercontinuum spectra. Frequenz 74(3–4), 153–161 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0098
Al-kadry, A., Amraoui, M.E., Messaddeq, Y.: Two octaves mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in As2S3 microwaves. Opt. Express 22, 31131–31137 (2014)
Amiot, C., Aalto, A., Ryczkowski, P., Toivonen, J., Genty, G.: Cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared using a supercontinuum source. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(6), 061103 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985263
Cao, Y., Sohn, B.U., Gao, H.: Supercontinuum generation in a nonlinear ultra-silicon-rich nitride waveguide. Sci. Rep. 12, 9487 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13734-9
Cheung, C.S., Daniel, J.M.O., Tokurakawa, M., Clarkson, W.A., Liang, H.: High resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography in the 2 μm wavelength range using a broadband supercontinuum source. Opt. Express 23(3), 1992–2001 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.001992
Chitsazian, M.: Supercontinuum Generation Improvement with Nanostructured Fibers in Chalcogenide Glasses. MSc Thesis. SRTTU, Tehran (2015)
Diouf, M., Wague, A., Zghal, M.: Numerical investigation of an ultra-broadband coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum in a chalcogenide AsSe2-As2S5 multimaterial photonic crystal fiber. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 36(2), 8–14 (2019a). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.36.0000A8
Diouf, M., Mandeng, L., Tchawoua, C., Zghal, M.: Numerical investigation of supercontinuum generation through AsSe2/As2S5 chalcogenide photonic crystal fibres and rib structures. J. Lightw. Technol. 37, 5692–5698 (2019b). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2019.2934034
Diouf, M., Ben Salem, A., Cherif, R., Saghaei, H., Wague, A.: Super-flat coherent supercontinuum source in As38.8Se61.2 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with all-normal dispersion engineering at a very low input energy. Appl. Opt. 56(2), 163–169 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.000163
Dudley, J.M., Genty, G., Coen, S.: Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1135
Dudley, J.M., Taylor, J.R.: Supercontinuum generation In Optical Fibers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)
Fedotova, O., Husakou, A., Herrmann, J.: Supercontinuum generation in planar rib waveguides enabled by anomalous dispersion. Opt. Express 14(4), 1512–1517 (2006)
Gai, X., Choy, D.Y., Madden, S.Y.: Supercontiuum generation in the mid-infrared from dispersion-engineered As2S3 glass rib waveguide. Opt. Lett. 37, 3870–3872 (2012)
Goncalves, C., Kang, M., Sohn, B., Richardson, K.: New candidate multicomponent chalcogenide glasses for supercontinuum generation. Appl. Sci. 8, 2082 (2018)
Hansen, K.P.: Introduction to nonlinear photonic crystal fibers. J. Opt. Fiber Commun. Rep. 2, 3 (2005)
Hitaishi, V., Nandam, A.: Broadband supercontinuum generation using dispersion engineered As2Se3-GeAsSe-GeAsS waveguide at 6μm. IEEE. 11, 3242692 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3242692
Hu, H., Li, W., Dutta, N.K.: Dispersion-engineered tapered planar waveguide for coherent supercontinuum generation. Opt. Commun. 324, 252–257 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.03.074
Israelsen, N.M., Petersen, C.R., Barh, A., Jain, D., Jensen, M., Hannesschläger, G.: Real-time high-resolution mid-infrared optical coherence tomography. Light Sci. Appl. 8(11), 1223 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-019-0122-5
Jahromi, E.K., Nematollahi, M., Pan, Q., Abbas, M.A., Cristescu, S.M., Harren, F.J.M.: Sensitive multi-species trace gas sensor based on a high repetition rate mid-infrared supercontinuum source. Opt. Express 28(18), 26091–26101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.396884
Karim, M.R., Ghosh, S., Ahmad, H., Rahman, B.M.A.: Design of dispersion-engineered As2Se3 channel waveguide for mid-infrared region supercontinuum generation. Appl. Phys. 123, 2145 (2018)
Le, H.V., Hoang, V.T., Nguyen, H.T.: Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with tetrachloroethylene. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53, 187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02820-3
Nicolas, C., Alexandre, D., Guillaume, C., Mathieu, D., William, R., Claire, A.G.: Supercontinuum laser absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range for identification and concentration estimation of a multi-component atmospheric gas mixture. Proc. SPIE 12, 8182 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898227
Price, J.H.V., Feng, X., Heidt, A.M., Brambilla, G., Horak, P., Poletti, F.: Supercontinuum generation in non-silica fibers. Opt. Fiber Technol. 18(5), 327–344 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2012.07.013
Seddon, A.B.: A prospective for new mid-infrared medical endoscopy using chalcogenide glasses. Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci. 2(3), 177–191 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1294.2011.00059.x
Sharma, R., Kaur, S., Chauhan, P., Kumar, A.: Computational design and analysis of GeSe2-As2Se3-PbSe based rib waveguide for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. Optic 220, 165032 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165032
Sinobad, M., DellaTorre, A., Armand, R., Luther-Davies, B.: Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in silicon-germanium all-normal dispersion waveguides. Opt. Lett. 45(18), 5008–5012 (2020)
Wang, Y., Dai, S.: Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in chalcogenide glass fibers: a brief review. Photonix 2(9), 3133 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43074-021-00031-3
Yang, Z., Sheng, Y., Wang, R.P., Xu, P.P.: Dispersion engineered ZnSe rib waveguide for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. Infrared Millim. Waves. 40(4), 508–515 (2021)
Yu, Y., Gai, X., Ma, P.: Experimental demonstration of linearly polarized 2–10μm supercontinuum generation in a chalcogenide rib waveguide. Opt. Let. 41, 958–961 (2016)
Zhang, X., Hu, H., Li, W., Dutta, N.K.: Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in tapered As2S3 chalcogenide planar waveguide. J. Mod. Opt. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2016.1183055
Zwanenburg, M.J., Bongaerts, J.H.H., Peters, J.F., Riese, D., Van der Veen, J.F.: Focusing of coherent X-rays in a tapered planar waveguide. Phys. B 283(1–3), 285–288 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(99)02003-7
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University under grant number 4975.
Funding
There is no funds and grants were received to conduct this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M.S. and M.R.A. designed and simulated the structure, and drafted the manuscript. S.O. reviewed, and edited the manuscript. M.S. supervised, reviewed, and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT in order to improve language. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sheikhmolaee, M., Alizadeh, M.R., Olyaee, S. et al. Supercontinuum generation in tapered planar rib waveguide based on GAP-Se hybrid chalcogenide. Opt Quant Electron 56, 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05666-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05666-z