Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

SPR-based sensor for ultra-high sensitivity high refractive index measurements in the near-infrared

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To achieve high refractive index (RI) sensing in the near-infrared (NIR) region, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) RI sensor was designed using a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as a substrate, and the upper limit of RI detection was improved by cutting rectangular grooves on the structure surface. To improve the performance of the PCF-SPR sensor, the structural parameters of the sensor were initially optimized, and then the effects of the common metal materials gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) and their thicknesses on the sensor performance were investigated. The results show that changing the materials will shift the resonance wavelength position, thus affecting the linearity of resonance wavelength fitting and sensitivity. To solve the problem of poor adhesion of metal directly coated on the surface of the structure, a layer of TiO2 film was added on the surface of the metal coating and PCF structure, and the effect of its thickness on the sensing performance was investigated.The calculation results showed that, TiO2 films can enhance the sensor's confinement loss, significantly improve the resonance wavelength fitting linearity and tuned resonance wavelength position, while also reducing the sensitivity. Our detailed results provide guidance for the selection of a suitable plasma coating according to the light source requirements. The sensor can measure the RI in the range of 1.44 ~ 1.48 in the NIR region with a wavelength of 1100 ~ 2100 nm. When gold is used as the plasma coating, the highest RI sensitivity can reach 32,000 nm/RIU; the average RI sensitivity is 17,000 nm/RIU;the resolution is 3.1 × 10−6 RIU; R2 = 0.91277; the maximum figure of merit (FOM) is 704.3 RIU−1, the sensor has broad application prospects in the fields of biomedicine, environmental monitoring and chemical industry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

References

  • Ahmed, K., et al.: Low insertion loss and high extinction ratio analysis of a new surface plasmon resonance based photonic crystal fiber filter. Optik 194, 163069 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler, A.L., et al.: Domain adaptation for in-line allergen classification of agri-food powders using near-infrared spectroscopy. Sensors 22(19), 7239 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danlard, I., Akowuah, E.K.: Assaying with PCF-based SPR refractive index biosensors: from recent configurations to outstanding detection limits. Opt. Fiber Technol. 54, 102083 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, Z., et al.: High sensitivity concave-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface Plasmon resonance. Laser Phys. 32(12), 126202 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • EsfahaniMonfared, Y., Qasymeh, M.: Plasmonic biosensor for low-index liquid analyte detection using graphene-assisted photonic crystal fiber. Plasmonics 16(3), 881–889 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, S., Healy, N.: CO2 laser-based side-polishing of silica optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 45(15), 4128–4131 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, H., et al.: Research on photonic crystal fiber based on a surface plasmon resonance sensor with segmented silver-titanium dioxide film. JOSA B 37(3), 736–744 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hameed, M.F.O., Alrayk, Y.K., Obayya, S.S.A.: Self-calibration highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber biosensor. IEEE Photonics J. 8(3), 1–12 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M.B., et al.: High sensitivity hollow core circular shaped PCF surface plasmonic biosensor employing silver coat: A numerical design and analysis with external sensing approach. Results Phys 16, 102909 (2020a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M.B., et al.: Numerical development of high performance quasi D-shape PCF-SPR biosensor: an external sensing approach employing gold. Results. Phys. 18, 103281 (2020b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.R., et al.: Dual-polarized highly sensitive surface-plasmon-resonance-based chemical and biomolecular sensor. Appl. Optics 59(11), 3296–3305 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.R., et al.: AZO-coated plasmonic PCF nanosensor for blood constituent detection in near-infrared and visible spectrum. Appl. Phys. A 128(1), 86 (2022a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.R., et al.: LSPR based double peak double plasmonic layered bent core PCF-SPR sensor for ultra-broadband dual peak sensing. Ieee Sens. J. 22(6), 5628–5635 (2022b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.R., et al.: Design and analysis of a QC-SPR-PCF sensor for multipurpose sensing with supremely high FOM. Appl. Nanosci.nanosci. 12(1), 29–45 (2022c)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S., Choudhary, K., Kumar, S.: Photonic crystal fiber-based SPR sensor for broad range of refractive index sensing applications. Opt. Fiber Technol.fiber Technol. 73, 103030 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, V., Singh, S.: Design of titanium nitride coated PCF-SPR sensor for liquid sensing applications. Opt. Fiber Technol.fiber Technol. 48, 159–164 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Kumar, D.: Sensitivity measurement based on the refractive index detection of dual-coated PCF SPR sensor. Mapan 37(2), 435–441 (2022)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Yadav, A., Malomed, B.A.: High performance surface plasmon resonance based sensor using black phosphorus and magnesium oxide adhesion layer. Front. Mater. 10, 1131412 (2023)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, G., Liang, X., Lv, J.: The optical dielectric model of Cu thin film and its verification. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering. IOP Publishing, 275(1), (2017)

  • Li, X., et al.: High sensitivity photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor with gold coated externally based on surface plasmon resonance. Micromachines 9(12), 640 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, K., et al.: High sensitivity refractive index sensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber coated with graphene-silver films. Plasmonics 18, 1093–1101 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C., et al.: Birefringent PCF-based SPR sensor for a broad range of low refractive index detection. IEEE Photonic. Tech. l. 30(16), 1471–1474 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Q., et al.: The biochemical sensor based on liquid-core photonic crystal fiber filled with gold, silver and aluminum. Opt. Laser Technol. 130, 106363 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C., et al.: Overview of refractive index sensors comprising photonic crystal fibers based on the surface plasmon resonance effect. Chin. Opt. Lett. 19(10), 102202 (2021)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W., et al.: A highly sensitive D-type photonic crystal fiber infrared sensor with indium tin oxide based on surface plasmon resonance. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 36(01), 2150499 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lv, J., et al.: Double-formant surface plasmon resonance for refractive index sensing by anti-resonance fibers with high sensitivity and wide detection range. Results Phys. 40, 105876 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niu, L.-Y., et al.: Sensitivity enhanced D-type large-core fiber SPR sensor based on gold nanoparticle/Au film co-modification. Opt. Commun.commun. 450, 287–295 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, P.S., Singh, Y., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Theoretical analysis of the LRSPR sensor with enhance FOM for low refractive index detection using MXene and fluorinated graphene. IEEE SENS. J. 21(21), 23979–23986 (2021)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghuwanshi, S.K., Kumar, S., Singh, Y.: 2D materials for surface plasmon resonance-based sensors. CRC Press, (2021)

  • Shafkat, A., et al.: Numerical exploration of external sensing scheme based photonic crystal fiber surface plasmonic sensor with different noble plasmonic materials and their alloys. Optik 231, 166418 (2021)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakya, A.K., et al.: Design of an ultra-sensitive bimetallic anisotropic PCF SPR biosensor for liquid analytes sensing. Opt. Express 30(6), 9233–9255 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakya, A.K., Singh, S.: Designing of a novel PCF biosensor having octagonal core and based on SPR for chemical and heavy metal sensing. In: 2022 12th International conference on cloud computing, data science and engineering (Confluence). IEEE, (2022)

  • Singh, S., Prajapati, Y.K.: TiO2/gold-graphene hybrid solid core SPR based PCF RI sensor for sensitivity enhancement. Optik 224, 165525 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Y., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Sensitivity enhancement of the surface plasmon resonance gas sensor with black phosphorus. IEEE Sensors Lett. 3(12), 1–4 (2019b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Y., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated optical fiber-based SPR sensor in near-infrared region with bimetallic structure for enhanced sensitivity. Optik 226, 165842 (2021)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Y., Paswan, M.K., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Sensitivity enhancement of SPR sensor with the black phosphorus and graphene with bi-layer of gold for chemical sensing. Plasmonics 16, 1781–1790 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Y., Raghuwanshi, S.K.: Design and analysis of surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor to measure electric field using angle interrogation. In: Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XXVII. (Vol. 10912, pp. 180-185). SPIE. (2019)

  • Sorathiya, V., et al.: D shaped dual core photonics crystal based refractive index sensor using graphene–titanium–silver materials for infrared frequency spectrum. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54(5), 290 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultana, S., et al.: A highly sensitive gold-tio2 coated dual-core pcf-spr sensor with a large detection range. In: Microelectronic devices, circuits and systems: second international conference, ICMDCS 2021, Vellore, India, February 11–13, 2021, Revised Selected Papers 2. Springer Singapore, (2021)

  • Villatoro, J., Zubia, J.: New perspectives in photonic crystal fibre sensors. Opt. Laser Technol. 78, 67–75 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F., et al.: A high-sensitivity photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for detection of density alteration in non-physiological cells (DANCE). Opto-Electron. Rev.-Electron. Rev. 26(1), 50–56 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., et al.: Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on coupling effects of dual photonic crystal fibers for low refractive indexes detection. Results Phys. 18, 103240 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., et al.: Two-channel photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance for magnetic field and temperature dual-parameter sensing. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24(35), 21233–21241 (2022a)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., et al.: Highly sensitive sensing of a magnetic field and temperature based on two open ring channels SPR-PCF. Opt. Express 30(21), 39055–39067 (2022b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, D., et al.: Sensitivity and linearity enhanced wide-detection range surface-plasmon-resonance photonic-crystal-fiber sensor. Results Phys. 29, 104707 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, A., et al.: Modeling, simulation and computational analysis of plasmonic optical sensor using BaTiO3 in diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 13, 2163–2168 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, A., Kumar, A., Sharan, P.: Sensitivity enhancement of a plasmonic biosensor for urine glucose detection by employing black phosphorous. JOSA B 39(1), 200–206 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, A., et al.: Highly sensitive bimetallic-metal nitride SPR biosensor for urine glucose detection. Ieee Trans. Nanobiosci. 22, 897–903 (2023a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, A., et al.: Effect of 2-D nanomaterials on sensitivity of plasmonic biosensor for efficient urine glucose detection. Front. Mater. 9, 1106251 (2023b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, X., et al.: A highly sensitive refractive index sensor based on a V-shaped photonic crystal fiber with a high refractive index range. Sensors 21(11), 3782 (2021)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X.C., et al.: A photonic crystal fiber glucose sensor filled with silver nanowires. Opt. Commun.commun. 359, 279–284 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasli, A., et al.: Multi-channel photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance sensor for multi-analyte sensing. IEEE Photonics J. 12(1), 1–15 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Q., et al.: A D-type dual side-polished, highly sensitive, plasma refractive index sensor based on photonic crystal fiber. Front. Phys. (2022a). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.1008784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., et al.: A surface plasmon resonance-based photonic crystal fiber sensor for simultaneously measuring the refractive index and temperature. Polymers 14(18), 3893 (2022b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuhayer, A., et al.: A gold-plated twin Core D-formed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for ultrahigh sensitive applications based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) approach. Plasmonics 17(5), 2089–2101 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 52102164: Construction of functionalised M3C2Tx MXene/graphene aerogels and their gas-sensitive properties]; the Equipment pre-research field fund project [grant number80902020503:A new method for MAD testing in very low magnetic field environments based on magnetically folded fibres with GQD compensation for optical and thermal tweezers]

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China

    Haoran Jiang, Tao Shen, Yue Feng, Chi Liu & Xin Liu

  2. Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China

    Tao Shen, Yue Feng & Chi Liu

  3. Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Control, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China

    Tao Shen & Xin Liu

Authors
  1. Haoran Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tao Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yue Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chi Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xin Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

JH: is mainly responsible for writing the paper and building the model. CL and XL: are responsible for the theoretical guidance of metal materials. YF: were responsible for problem analysis in the process of model construction. Tao Shen directed the whole process of this paper. The manuscript has been reviewed by all the authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tao Shen.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest to disclose.

Ethical approval

Approval.

Consent to participate

We endorse participation in this journal.

Consent for publication

We approval to publish in this journal.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiang, H., Shen, T., Feng, Y. et al. SPR-based sensor for ultra-high sensitivity high refractive index measurements in the near-infrared. Opt Quant Electron 55, 1199 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05484-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05484-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation