Abstract
OPAs (On-chip optical phased arrays) are enabling method for a variety of applications, including metrology, LIDAR (light detection and ranging), and optical interconnects. OPAs must achieve a low beam width, wide-angle steering, effective sidelobe suppression, and other performance requirements. Presence of grating sidelobes from these array configurations in far-field pattern makes it difficult to guide a beam without aliasing when antenna element spacing is more than half a wavelength. Either 1D linear or 2D rectangular arrays make up majority of OPA configurations. This research proposes novel technique for analyzing the laser scanning by ion beam with photogrammetry mapping analysis and nanofabrication. The nanofabrication is carried out using carbon coated optical silicon insulator. The bandwidth restrictions of their antennas as well as photoconductor parasitic have limited the operation bandwidth of previously exhibited plasmonic photoconductive antennas. Here, we demonstrate a potent method for fabricating large-area plasmonic photoconductive nano-antenna arrays that can be used to create broadband terahertz detectors. Signal-to-noise ratio, beam steering step response, beam divergence, power consumption, and scalability are all included in the simulation analysis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the data’s available in the manuscript.
Reference:s
Benedikovič, D., Liu, Q., Sánchez-Postigo, A., Atieh, A., Smy, T., Cheben, P., Ye, W.N.: Circular optical phased array with large steering range and high resolution. Sensors 22(16), 6135 (2022)
Bhandari, B., Wang, C., Gwon, J.Y., Heo, J.M., Ko, S.Y., Oh, M.C., Lee, S.S.: Dispersive silicon–nitride optical phased array incorporating arrayed waveguide delay lines for passive line beam scanning. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 18759 (2022)
Chen, R., Shao, Y., Zhou, Y., Dang, Y., Dong, H., Zhang, S., Ma, Y.: A semisolid micromechanical beam steering system based on micrometa-lens arrays. Nano Lett. 22(4), 1595–1603 (2022)
Fowler, D., Guerber, S., Faugier-Tovar, J., Tyler, N.A., Szelag, B.: Integrated optical phased array based on a binary splitter tree with reduced number of control voltages. J. Lightwave Technol. 40(12), 4027–4032 (2022)
Guo, Y., Guo, Y., Li, C., Zhou, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, L.: Bidirectional wide-angle waveguide grating antennas with flat-top far-field patterns for optical phased arrays. Opt. Express 31(5), 9072–9080 (2023)
Hu, C., Liu, T., Liu, K., Shi, J., Ye, M., Zhang, X.: Lightwave nano-converging enhancement by an arrayed optical antenna based on metallic nano-cone-tips for CMOS imaging detection. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 15761 (2022b)
Hu, G., Zhong, K., Qin, Y., Tsang, H. K.: Silicon Photonics Optical Phase Array and Optical Nano-Antenna Array for a Multimode Fiber Imaging System. In TENCON 2022–2022 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) (pp. 1–3). IEEE. (2022)
Liu, Q., Benedikovic, D., Smy, T., Atieh, A., Cheben, P., Ye, W.N.: Circular optical phased arrays with radial nano-antennas. Nanomaterials 12(11), 1938 (2022)
Mahi, C., Brinza, O., Issaoui, R., Achard, J., Bénédic, F.: Synthesis of high quality transparent nanocrystalline diamond films on glass substrates using a distributed antenna array microwave system. Coatings 12(10), 1375 (2022)
Mahmoud, K.R., Montaser, A.M.: Machine-learning-based beam steering in a hybrid plasmonic nano-antenna array. JOSA B 39(8), 2149–2163 (2022)
Midrio, M., Pierantoni, L., Boscolo, S., Truccolo, D., Mencarelli, D.: Nano-antenna array for high efficiency sunlight harvesting. Opt. Express 30(5), 7017–7034 (2022)
Oleksiievets, N., Mathew, C., Thiele, J.C., Gallea, J.I., Nevskyi, O., Gregor, I., Enderlein, J.: Single-molecule fluorescence lifetime imaging using wide-field and confocal-laser scanning microscopy: a comparative analysis. Nano Lett. 22(15), 6454–6461 (2022)
Prather, D.W., Galli, S., Schneider, G.J., Shi, S., Murakowski, J.A., Qi, X.F., Schuetz, C.: Fourier-optics based opto-electronic architectures for simultaneous multi-band, multi-beam, and wideband transmit and receive phased arrays. IEEE Access 11, 18082–18106 (2023)
Sanjari, P., Aflatouni, F.: An integrated photonic-assisted phased array transmitter for direct fiber to mm-wave links. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 1414 (2023)
Shen, F., Peng, H., Pan, S., Zhu, P.: Phased array ultrasound enhanced delivery of nano drugs for tendon adhesion treatment. Appl. Acoust. 204, 109231 (2023)
Singer, S., Xu, Y., Skacel, S.T., Bao, Y., Zwickel, H., Maier, P., Koos, C.: 3D-printed facet-attached optical elements for beam shaping in optical phased arrays. Optic. Express 30(26), 46564–46574 (2022)
Tang, T., He, K., Bi, L., Li, C., Qin, J., Li, J., Luo, L.: Dynamic beam scanning metasurface with high reflectivity and independent phase control based on phase change materials. Optic. Laser Technol. 156, 108543 (2022)
Wang, M., Li, J., Jia, Y., Sun, Z., Liu, Y., Li, T., Liu, S.: Automated Noncontact Trapping of moving micro-particle with ultrasonic phased array system and microscopic vision. (2022). arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.10409
Yu, L., Wang, P., Ma, P., Cui, L., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Pan, J.: Two-dimensional beam scanning of passive optical phased array based on silicon nitride delay line. J. Lightwave Technol. 41(9), 2756–2764 (2023)
Zeng, Y., Chen, M., Lin, S., Huang, H., Wu, P., Zhou, M., Yu, Y.: Creating a planar array of transversely polarized optical needles using a uniform line source antenna array. Optik 252, 168487 (2022)
Zhou, G., Chan, C. H., Qu, S. W., Chen, B.: Sub-wavelength pitch optical antenna array with low crosstalk for optical phased array. In: 2022 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES-China) (pp. 1–3). IEEE. (2022)
Zhu, F., Sanz-Paz, M., Fernández-Domínguez, A.I., Zhuo, X., Liz-Marzán, L.M., Stefani, F.D., Acuna, G.P.: DNA-templated ultracompact optical antennas for unidirectional single-molecule emission. Nano Lett. 22(15), 6402–6408 (2022)
Acknowledgements
This work was sponsored in part by Open Research Fund Program of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics and Supporting Project of Shenzhen Polytechnic (6023310024S)
Funding
This work was sponsored in part by Open Research Fund Program of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics and Supporting Project of Shenzhen Polytechnic (6023310024S).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
CC:Performed The Data Analyses And Wrote The Manuscript. XW: Contributed To Collecting And Processing The Data DW:Contributed Significantly To The Analysis KY:Manuscript Preparation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, C., Wang, X., Wu, D. et al. Laser scanning based on nanofabrication for ion beam photogrammetry mapping analysis using carbon coated optical silicon insulator. Opt Quant Electron 55, 1216 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05473-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05473-6