Abstract
For optical wireless communication systems with restricted bandwidth, combining multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation was found to be a highly effective method of boosting system capacity. This paper presents and analyzes two optical OFDM-based MIMO schemes for visible light communications, namely OFDM-based time domain general spatial modulation (TD-GSM) and OFDM-based time domain general spatial multiplexing (TD-GSMP), which utilize general-numbered MIMO configurations of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These schemes exhibit reduced complexity and provide enhanced spectral efficiency (SE) in comparison to conventional frequency-domain (FD) GSM and GSMP schemes, achieved by transmitting twice the spatial information. Previous research in this area typically employed an even number of LEDs for spatial-based MIMO transmission, represented as \({2}^{{l}_{a}}\), where \({l}_{a}\) is the number of spatial bits. However, to enhance SE, this paper introduces schemes that can accommodate a general number of LEDs without the constraint of an even-numbered LED configuration. In indoor environments, several LEDs are already used for illumination purposes, so incorporating additional LEDs for communication does not introduce complexity to the system. To detect both spatial and radiated information, a maximum-likelihood estimation algorithm is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that, depending on the user’s position, selecting the optimal MIMO configuration is crucial for achieving desired bit error rate (BER) performance and SE requirements. Moreover, as the total number of LEDs increases relative to the active number of LEDs, the modulation order required to transmit signals decreases in order to support a specified SE, resulting in improved BER performance. When all LEDs are active during communication, TD-GSMP outperforms TD-GSM in terms of BER performance. The results also show the superiority of TD schemes over FD schemes in terms of BER performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
References
Alaka, S., Narasimhan, T.L., Chockalingam, A.: Generalized spatial modulation in indoor wireless visible light communication. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1–7 (2015)
Apolo, J.A., Ortega, B., Almenar, V.: Hybrid POF/VLC links based on a single LED for indoor communications. Photonics 8, 7 (2021)
Azhar, A.H., Tran, T.-A., O’Brien, D.: A gigabit/s indoor wireless transmission using MIMO-OFDM visible-light communications. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25, 171–174 (2012)
Barry, J., Kahn, J., Krause, W., Lee, E., Messerschmitt, D.: Simulation of multipath impulse response for indoor wireless optical channels. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 11, 367–379 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1109/49.219552
Burton, A., Minh, H., Ghassemlooy, Z., Bentley, E., Botella, C.: Experimental demonstration of 50-Mb/s visible light communications using 4 × 4 MIMO. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26, 945–948 (2014)
Burton, A., Chvojka, P., Haigh, P., Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvanovec, S.: Optical filter-less WDM for visible light communications using defocused MIMO. Electronics 10, 9 (2021)
Chen, C., Zhong, X., Fu, S., Jian, X., Liu, M., Yang, H., Alphones, A., Fu, H.Y.: OFDM-based generalized optical MIMO. J. Lightw. Technol. 39, 6063–6075 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2021.3095359
Chen, C., Zeng, L., Zhong, X., Fu, S., Liu, M., Du, P.: Deep learning-aided OFDM-based generalized optical quadrature spatial modulation. IEEE Photonics J. 14, 1–6 (2022)
Dissanayake, S.D., Armstrong, J.: Comparison of ACO-OFDM, DCO-OFDM and ADO-OFDM in IM/DD systems. J. Lightw. Technol. 31(7), 1063–1072 (2013)
Dowhuszko, A.A., Guzman, B.G.: Closed form approximation of the actual spectral power emission of commercial color LEDs for VLC. J. Lightw. Technol. 40, 4311–4320 (2022)
Geng, Z., Khan, F.N., Guan, X., Dong, Y.: Advances in visible light communication technologies and applications. Photonics 9, 893 (2022)
Hei, Y., Liu, X., Li, W., Wang, S., Huo, M.: Energy- and spectral- efficiency tradeoff in nonlinear OFDM system of visible light communications. J. Lightw. Technol. 40(7), 1921–1929 (2022)
Hong, Y., Wu, T., Chen, L.-K.: On the performance of adaptive MIMO-OFDM indoor visible light communications. IEEE Photon Technol. Lett. 28, 907–910 (2016)
https://www.osioptoelectronics.com/products/photodetectors/avalanche-photodiode-apd
M. Ijaz, et al.: Experimental proof-of-concept of optical spatial modulation OFDM using micro LEDs. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), London, UK, pp. 1338–1343 (2015)
Kafizov, A., Elzanaty, A., Alouini, M.-S.: Probabilistic shaping-based spatial modulation for spectral-efficient VLC. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 21(10), 8259–8275 (2022)
Kang, K.: Indoor optical wireless communication system with filters-enhanced generalized spatial modulation and carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation. Opt. Lett. 45, 4980–4983 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.396718
Khalid, A.: Wavelet transform based non-hermitian symmetry OFDM technique for indoor MIMO-VLC system with an imaging receiver. Wirel. Netw. 27, 4649–4663 (2021)
Li, X., Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvánovec, S., Haigh, P.A.: 40 Mb/s VLC system reusing an existing large LED panel in an indoor office environment. Sensors 21, 1697 (2021)
Li, Y., D. Tsonev, D., Haas, H.: Non-DC-biased OFDM with optical spatial modulation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), London, UK, pp. 486–490 (2013)
Narmanlioglu, O., Uysal, M.: Multi-user massive MIMO visible light communications with limited pilot transmission. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 21(6), 4197–4211 (2022)
Sejan, M.A.S., Rahman, M.H., Aziz, M.A., Kim, D.-S., You, Y.-H., Song, H.-K.: A comprehensive survey on MIMO visible light communication: current research. Mach Learn Future Trends Sens 23, 739 (2023)
Tavakkolnia, I., Yesilkaya, A., Haas, H.: OFDM-based spatial modulation for optical wireless communications. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, pp. 1–6 (2018)
Wang, T.Q., Green, R.J., Armstrong, J.: MIMO optical wireless communications using ACO-OFDM and a prism-array receiver. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 33, 1959–1971 (2015)
Wang, F., Yang, F., Song, J.: Constellation optimization under the ergodic VLC channel based on generalized spatial modulation. Opt. Express 28, 21202–21209 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.397831
Wang, C., Xin, N., Luo, Z.: A high-performance MIMO-OFDM VLC system based on OCT precoding. In: 2022 2nd International Conference on Frontiers of Electronics, Information and Computation Technologies (ICFEICT), Wuhan, China, pp. 188–192 (2022)
Yesilkaya, A., Basar, E., Miramirkhani, F., Panayirci, E., Uysal, M., Haas, H.: Optical MIMO-OFDM with generalized LED index modulation. IEEE Trans. Commun. 65, 3429–3441 (2017)
Yesilkaya, A., Bian, R., Tavakkolnia, I., Haas, H.: OFDM-based optical spatial modulation. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process. 13, 1433–1444 (2019)
Yesilkaya, A., Cogalan, T., Panayirci, T., Haas, H., Poor, H.V.: Achieving minimum error in MISO optical spatial modulation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kansas City, MO, USA, pp. 1–6 (2018)
Zhang, X., Babar, Z., Petropoulos, P., Haas, H., Hanzo, L.: The evolution of optical OFDM. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 23(3), 1430–1457 (2021)
Zhu, Z., Guo, C., Bao, R., Chen, M., Saad, W., Yang, Y.: Positioning using visible light communications: a perspective arcs approach. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3247458
Funding
This work was supported by the King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, through Researchers Supporting Project number RSPD2023R1104.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, YMAM and MTA; methodology, YMAM; software, YMAM; validation, YMAM, MTA, AFA, MAM, and NEK; writing—review and editing YMAM; supervision, MTA, AFA, and MAM; funding acquisition, MTA. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This declaration is “not applicable”.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Al-Moliki, Y.M., Alresheedi, M.T., Abas, A.F. et al. OFDM-based time-domain optical MIMO with general-numbered LED configurations. Opt Quant Electron 55, 1093 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05384-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05384-6