Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A novel traffic load balancing approach for scheduling of optical transparent antennas (OTAs) on mobile terminals

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Optical transparent antennas (OTAs) are a relatively new technology that allows for high-speed wireless communication using a transparent antenna placed on the surface of a mobile device. However, scheduling OTA transmissions can be challenging due to several factors that must be considered. One critical consideration when developing a scheduling plan for OTAs is bandwidth. OTA-based mobile terminals require a significant amount of bandwidth to transmit and receive data, which means it's essential to ensure that enough bandwidth is available for OTA transmissions. This can be achieved by monitoring network traffic patterns and allocating sufficient bandwidth for OTA transmissions. Another important factor to consider is the signal strength of OTA transmissions. The strength of these signals can be affected by factors such as weather conditions, interference from other sources, and the location of the mobile terminal. Scheduling of OTAs can be planned successfully when the signal strength is optimal to ensure that transmissions can take place without any hurdles. Developing a scheduling plan for OTAs in mobile terminals is a complicated process, requiring consideration of several factors. These include ensuring sufficient bandwidth for OTA transmissions due to their high bandwidth requirements, signal strength should be optimal and OTA usage should be minimal when battery levels are low to conserve power. Additionally, network congestion and user preferences should also be considered when scheduling the OTAs. The smart scheduling mechanisms are required to handle the mobile applications while handling OTAs on mobile terminals. This study is proposing a modified traffic load clustering (MTLC) scheduling mechanism for scheduling OTAs on mobile terminals. The proposed MTLC method offers better spectrum efficiency above 90%, time-slot utilization between 88 and 95%, and channel utilization between 80 and 90% during scheduling of optical antennas. It also optimizes the latency time, throughput, and outperforms other algorithms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data is available on request.

References

  • Arribas, J.R., de Paz, J.F., Lopez-Salcedo, J.A., et al.: On the performance of hybrid OTA-satellite networks for rural communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Techno. 70(9), 8665–8676 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buczek, M., Jajszczyk, A., Lemański, J.: OTN-based Fronthaul for mobile networks: architectures and scheduling strategies. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 40(4), 816–827 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, C., Su, M., Duan, S., et al.: QoS-aware joint task scheduling and resource allocation in vehicular edge computing. Sensors 22(23), 9340 (2022)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chishti, A.R., Aziz, A., Qureshi, M.A., et al.: Optically transparent antennas: a review of the state-of-the-art, innovative solutions and future trends. Appl. Sci. 13(1), 210 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grélaud, R., Lefèvre, L., Pierre, S.: QoS-aware scheduling of multimedia traffic in 5G heterogeneous mobile networks with OTA Connectivity. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 21(2), 466–480 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • He, C., Wang, R.: A QoE-aware energy supply scheme over a FiWi access network in the 5G Era. Sensors 20(13), 3794 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.R., Islam, M.T.: Energy-efficient scheduling for optically transparent antenna in 5G networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(2), 1497–1508 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.R., Islam, M.T., Uddin, M.A.: Scheduling and power control for optically transparent antenna in 5G wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70(7), 6728–6733 (2021a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.S., Hasan, N., Kabir, M.R.: Design and analysis of optically transparent antennas for millimeter-wave applications. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53(6), 1–16 (2021b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, C., Xu, J., Han, Y., et al.: Efficient delay-aware task scheduling for IoT devices in mobile cloud computing. Mob. Inf. Syst. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1849877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalfas, G., Palianopoulos, D., Mesodiakaki, A., et al.: QoS-enabled medium-transparent MAC protocol for fiber-wireless 5G RAN transport networks. Appl. Sci. 12, 8708 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, M.: AI- and IoT-based energy saving mechanism by minimizing hop delay in multi-hop and advanced optical system based optical channels. Opt. Quant. Electron. 55, 635 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04882-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, M., Jadhav, A., Akter, F.: Resource selection from edge-cloud for IoT and blockchain-based applications in industry 4.0/5.0. Secur. Commun. Netw. (2022a). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9314052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, M., Kadam, S., Hannoon, N.: Multi-level parallel scheduling of dependent-tasks using graph-partitioning and hybrid approaches over edge-cloud. Soft Comput. 26, 5347–5362 (2022b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khawaja, S.A., Imran, M.A., Ashraf, M.A.: A review of resource allocation techniques for optical wireless communications with optically transparent antennas. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 21(3), 2624–2650 (2019a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khawaja, S.A., Imran, M.A., Ashraf, M.A.: Resource allocation in optical wireless communication system with optically transparent antennas. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68(4), 4015–4019 (2019b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N., Kumar, P.: Performance analysis of optically transparent antennas for visible light communications. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53(8), 1–16 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Zhang, W., Liu, Y.: Design and analysis of optically transparent antennas for intelligent transportation systems. Wirel. Netw. 29(3), 1279–1290 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirjalili, S.H., Rostami, S., Rasti, M.: Joint optimization of resource allocation and time-frequency domain scheduling for optically transparent antennas in wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 70(2), 939–951 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morais, R., Silva, T., Gameiro, A.: Performance evaluation of MAC protocols for OTA-based access in 5G mobile networks. IEEE Access 9, 65483–65493 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngoc, H.V., Son, L.H., Han, D.H.: An efficient hybrid MAC protocol for OTA-based access in mobile networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 26(1), 92–95 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, S.K., Gadge, K.S., Singh, R.K.: Performance analysis of optically transparent antennas for wireless power transfer. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 14(4), 1–12 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsiftsis, T.A., Kotsopoulos, S.A., Karagiannidis, G.K.: Optically transparent antennas: a comprehensive survey. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 35(13), 1–23 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Ding, Z., Karagiannidis, G.K., et al.: Resource allocation for optical wireless communications with optically transparent antennas: a survey. IEEE Trans. Commun. 67(8), 5487–5510 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S., Zhang, H., Cao, Y.: A compact optically transparent antenna array for 5G millimeter-wave communication. Int. J. Opt. Commun. 428, 1–11 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., Zhang, F., Gu, H., et al.: A research study on new energy brand users based on principal component analysis (PCA) and fusion target planning model for sustainable environment of smart cities. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessm. 57, 103262 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Chen, Y., Zhang, X.: Design and analysis of optically transparent antennas for terahertz communication. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53(10), 1–11 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y.: A novel optically transparent antenna with wide bandwidth and high gain. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. 33(5), 1–7 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Z., Wang, Q., Yang, L.: Dynamic resource allocation for optically transparent antennas in 5g mobile networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 56(3), 62–69 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The project is funded by "Aspire Research Foundation, India" with funding number ARF201302T in financial year 2022–2023.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunūn, India

    Nagesh Raykar

  2. Siddhant College of Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

    Ganesh Khedkar

  3. Computer Science Department, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

    Mandeep Kaur

  4. Aspire Research Foundation, Pune, India

    Mandeep Kaur

  5. Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Wattana Viriyasitavat

Authors
  1. Nagesh Raykar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ganesh Khedkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mandeep Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wattana Viriyasitavat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

NR Conceptualization, data collection, and investigation. GK Data collection, research design, and paper review. MK Paper write-up, research methodology, and result analysis. WV Result analysis, paper editing and review.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mandeep Kaur.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Raykar, N., Khedkar, G., Kaur, M. et al. A novel traffic load balancing approach for scheduling of optical transparent antennas (OTAs) on mobile terminals. Opt Quant Electron 55, 962 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05201-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05201-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation