Abstract
The coupling between the ports of a two-port device implemented based on a single dielectric resonator (DR) of silicon material can be controlled to develop the terahertz multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) antenna and a filter. The ground plane of device is modified by engraving a circular slot for obtaining the function of a two-port MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with isolation between the ports as 18.3 dB. The radiating surface of DR is then coated with graphene material to further enhance the level of isolation up to 40.91 dB. Graphene coating also provides the tunable antenna response by varying the applied external DC field on graphene. The antenna can offer pattern diversity with envelop correlation coefficient less than 0.01 and diversity gain 9.94 in the passband. The isolation of this two-port antenna can further be enhanced up to 49 dB by covering the graphene layer with metal coating. Moreover, the coupled power between the ports of the device can be controlled to implement a bandpass filter by engraving a circular slot in graphene layer and filling it with metal. The amount of the power coupled between the ports of the filter can be controlled by varying the chemical potential of graphene.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
There is no specific data associated with this work. The data related to numerical study will be provided on specific request.
References
Abadal, S., Hosseininejad, S.E., Lemme, M., et al.: Graphene-based antenna design for communications in the terahertz band. In: Vacca, J.R. (Ed.) Nanoscale Networking and Communications Handbook, pp. 25–45 (2019)
Afsah-Hejri, L., Hajeb, P., Ara, P., Ehsani, R.J.: A comprehensive review on food applications of terahertz spectroscopy and imaging. Compr. Rev. Food. Sci. Food Saf. 18, 1563–1621 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12490
Akbari, M., Khan, M.W.A., Hasani, M., et al.: Fabrication and characterization of graphene antenna for low-cost and environmentally friendly RFID tags. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15, 1569–1572 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2015.2498944
Akyildiz, I.F., Jornet, J.M., Han, C.: Terahertz band: next frontier for wireless communications. Phys. Commun. 12, 16–32 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2014.01.006
Amanatiadis, S.A., Karamanos, T.D., Kantartzis, N.V.: Radiation efficiency enhancement of graphene THz antennas utilizing metamaterial substrates. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16, 2054–2057 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2695521
Chen, X.D., Liu, Z.B., Zheng, C.Y., et al.: High-quality and efficient transfer of large-area graphene films onto different substrates. Carbon N Y 56, 271–278 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.01.011
Das, V., Rawat, S.: Design and analysis of monopole planar antenna with defected ground plane for WBAN applications in terahertz range. Optik (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168187
Das, P., Varshney, G.: Gain enhancement of dual-band terahertz antenna using reflection-based frequency selective surfaces. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 1–23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03548-4
Elahi, M., Member, S., Altaf, A.: Mutual coupling reduction in closely spaced MIMO dielectric resonator antenna in H-plane using closed metallic loop. IEEE Access (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187433
Fakhte, S., Taskhiri, M.M.: Dual-band terahertz dielectric resonator antenna with graphene loading. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 1–11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04229-y
Farman Ali, M., Bhattacharya, R., Varshney, G.: Graphene-based tunable terahertz self-diplexing/MIMO-STAR antenna with pattern diversity. Nano Commun. Netw. 30, 100378 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2021.100378
Forsythe, R.E., Bohlander, R.A., Butterworth, J.C.: An experimental 225 GHZ pulsed coherent radar. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol. 39, 555–562 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1109/22.75300
Goldsmith, A.: Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)
Gupta, R., Varshney, G., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Tunable terahertz circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Optik 239, 166800 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166800
Hosseininejad, S.E., Neshat, M., Faraji-Dana, R., et al.: Reconfigurable THz plasmonic antenna based on few-layer graphene with high radiation efficiency. Nanomaterials 8, 1–7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080577
Hosseininejad, S.E., Rouhi, K., Neshat, M., et al.: Digital metasurface based on graphene: an application to beam steering in terahertz plasmonic antennas. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 18, 734–746 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2019.2923727
Kiani, N., Tavakkol Hamedani, F., Rezaei, P., et al.: Polarization controling approach in reconfigurable microstrip graphene-based antenna. Optik 203, 163942 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163942
Kiani, N., Hamedani, F.T., Rezaei, P.: Polarization controlling plan in graphene-based reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna. Optik (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167595
Kumar, D., Kumar, V., Subhash, Y.A., et al.: Tuning the higher to lower order resonance frequency ratio and implementing the tunable THz MIMO/self-diplexing antenna. Nano Commun. Netw. 34, 100419 (2022)
Lee, Y.-S.: Principles of Terahertz Science and Technology. Springer, Oregon (2008)
Li, M., Cheung, S.: Isolation enhancement for MIMO dielectric resonator antennas using dielectric superstrate. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69, 4154–4159 (2021)
Marcatili, E.A.J.: Dielectric rectangular waveguide and directional coupler for integrated optics. Bell Syst. Technol. J. 48, 2071–2102 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1969.tb01166.x
Moradi, K., Pourziad, A., Nikmehr, S.: A frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna based on graphene in terahertz regime. Optik 228, 166201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166201
Moradi, K., Pourziad, A., Nikmehr, S.: An efficient graphene-based reconfigurable terahertz ring antenna design. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 149, 154177 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154177
Mumtaz, S., Jornet, J.M., Aulin, J., et al.: Terahertz communication for vehicular networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 66, 5617–5625 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2017.2712878
Murali, C., Sudipta, K., Anveshkumar, D., et al.: A micro-sized rhombus-shaped thz antenna for high-speed short-range wireless communication applications. Plasmonics (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01472-z
Naghdehforushha, S.A., Moradi, G.: An improved method to null-fill H-plane radiation pattern of graphene patch THz antenna utilizing branch feeding microstrip line. Optik 181, 21–27 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.11.155
Pan, Y.M., Zheng, S.Y., Hu, B.J.: Design of dual-band omnidirectional cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 13, 710–713 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2014.2314745
Pan, Y.M., Qin, X., Sun, Y.X., Zheng, S.Y.: A simple decoupling method for 5G millimeter-wave MIMO dielectric resonator antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67, 2224–2234 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2891456
Pan, Y.M., Hu, Y., Zheng, S.Y.: Design of low mutual coupling dielectric resonator antennas without using extra decoupling element. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2021.3090807
Perruisseau-Carrier, J.: Graphene for antenna applications: opportunities and challenges from microwaves to THz. In: LAPC 2012—2012 Loughbrgh Antennas Propagation Conference, pp. 1–4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAPC.2012.6402934
Shamim, S.M., Das, S., Hossain, M.A., Madhav, B.T.P.: Investigations on graphene-based ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch antennas for terahertz (THz) applications. Plasmonics (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01423-8
Sharawi, M.S.: Current misuses and future prospects for printed multiple-input, multiple-output antenna systems. IEEE Antenna Propag. Mag. 59, 162–170 (2017)
Sharma, T., Varshney, G., Yaduvanshi, R.S., Vashishath, M.: Modified Koch borderline monopole antenna for THz regime. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 1–16 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03687-8
Singhal, S.: Asymmetrically fed trapezoidal superwideband pattern diversity antenna. Sci. Total Environ. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166358
Singhal, S.: CPW fed circular sierpinski terahertz antenna for superwideband pattern diversity applications. Optik (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167430
Smaczyński, P., Sopicka-Lizer, M., Kozłowska, K., Plewa, J.: Low temperature synthesis of calcium cobaltites in a solid state reaction. J. Electroceram. 18, 255–260 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9069-7
Suñé. G.R.: Electron Beam Lithography for Nanofabrication (2008)
Varshney, G.: Reconfigurable graphene antenna for THz applications: a mode conversion approach. Nanotechnology 31, 135208 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab60cc
Varshney, G.: Tunable terahertz dielectric resonator antenna. Silicon 13, 1907–1915 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00577-0
Varshney, G., Giri, P.: Bipolar charge trapping for absorption enhancement in a graphene-based ultrathin dual-band terahertz biosensor. Nanoscale Adv. 3, 5813–5822 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1na00388g
Varshney, G., Verma, A., Pandey, V.S., et al.: A proximity coupleld wideband graphene antenna with the generation of higher order TM modes for THz application. Opt. Mater. 85, 456–463 (2018)
Varshney, G., Gotra, S., Pandey, V.S., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Proximity-coupled two-port multi-input-multi-output graphene antenna with pattern diversity for THz applications. Nano Commun. Netw. 21, 100246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2019.05.003
Varshney, G., Gotra, S., Chaturvedi, S., et al.: Compact four-port MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with pattern diversity. IET Microw. Antennas Propag. 13, 2193–2198 (2019b). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2018.5799
Varshney, G., Gotra, S., Pandey, V.S., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Proximity-coupled graphene-patch-based tunable single-/dual-band notch filter for THz applications. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 4818–4829 (2019c). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07274-8
Varshney, G., Singh, R., Pandey, V.S., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Circularly polarized two-port MIMO dielectric resonator antenna. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Methods 91, 19–28 (2020)
Vishwanath, A., Varshney, G., Sahana, B.C.: Implementing the single/multiport tunable terahertz circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Nano Commun. Netw. 32–33, 100408 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2022.100408
Vishwanath, A., Sahana, B.C., Varshney, G.: Tunable terahertz dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Optik 253, 168578 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168578
Zhang, B., Ren, J., Sun, Y.X., et al.: Four-port cylindrical pattern- and polarization-diversity dielectric resonator antenna for MIMO application. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 70, 7136–7141 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3145454
Zou, M., Pan, J.: Investigation of resonant modes in wideband hybrid omnidirectional rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63, 3272–3275 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2015.2425421
Zou, M., Pan, J., Yang, D., Xiong, G.: Investigation of dual-band omnidirectional rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 30, 1407–1416 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2016.1202150
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to NIT Patna for providing the support in numerical simulation.
Funding
There is no funding support for this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ms. Nishtha developed the idea and implemented the research work and wrote the manuscript. Professor R.S.Y. supervised the whole work and G.V. helped in implementing the research work and writing the manuscript. All the authors discussed and contributed in writing and organization of the research work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no competing interest among the authors.
Consent to participate
Yes.
Consent for publication
Yes.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nishtha, Yaduvanshi, R.S. & Varshney, G. Isolation control for implementing the single dielectric resonator based tunable THz MIMO antenna and filter. Opt Quant Electron 55, 357 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04623-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04623-0