Abstract
Nowadays, the designing and development of next-generation 5G communication systems are in their infancy stage. The incorporation of survivability, reliability, and transmission latency awareness are the major challenges while designing networks. Passive optical networks (PONs) are considered one of the prominent solutions to support next-generation networks. The paper proposes and demonstrates a hybrid single-mode fiber/free space optics (FSO) wavelength division multiplexed gigabit PON architecture that has the capability of fault protection and can transmit direct internetworking data. The proposed architecture also has the capability to transmit inter-optical distribution network (ODN) and intra-ODN data along with broadcasting, i.e., a particular optical networking unit (ONU) can broadcast its message to all other ONUs residing inside the ODN. The proposed architecture can reduce a minimum of 55% of transmission latency for inter-ODN transmission. Noise tolerance against Rayleigh backscattering is also enhanced by enabling the downstream and upstream transmission only in one direction. Additionally, the proposed architecture is also capable of transmitting high data rates over long distances irrespective of adverse geographical conditions or obstacles like a big mountain, wider river, etc. using a hybrid optical fiber (OF)/FSO link at the distribution network. The received optical power for 200 m of FSO length varies from −25.52 to −24.14 dBm under different atmospheric conditions in moderate and high turbulence regime. For a hybrid fiber-FSO link, the maximum power penalties of 1.5 dB can achieved. Massive high speed and reliability against link failure using a proposed hybrid OF/FSO architecture makes it more attractive for supporting the next generation of communication systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Aljohani, A.J., Mirza, J., Ghafoor, S.: A novel regeneration technique for free space optical communication systems. IEEE Commun. Lett. 25(1), 2021–2024 (2021)
Andrews, L. C. and Phillips, R. L.: Laser Beam Propagation Through Random Media, Second. SPIE PRESS, (2005)
Chae, C., Lee, S., Kim, G., Park, H.: A PON system suitable for internetworking optical network units using a fiber bragg grating on the feeder fiber. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 11(12), 1686–1688 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/68.806888
Chen, Y., et al.: MDM-TDM PON utilizing self-coherent detection-based OLT and RSOA-based ONU for high power budget. IEEE Photonics J. 8(3), 1–7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2557623
Dutta, B., Kuiri, B., Santra, S., Sarkar, N., Biswas I.A., Atta, R., Patra, A.S.: 100 Gbps Data Transmission Based on Different l-valued OAM Beam Multiplexing Employing WDM Techniques and Free Space Optics. Opt. Quantum. Electron. 53(9), 515 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03154-w
Dutta, B., Sarkar, N., Atta, R., Kuiri, B., Patra, A.S.: 1600 Gbps PAM-4 FSO link enabled using OFCL-based WDM and OAM-multiplexing techniques. Results in Opt. 9, 100287 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2022.100287
Fadhil, H.A., et al.: Optimization of free space optics parameters: an optimum solution for bad weather conditions. Opt. (stuttg) 124(19), 3969–3973 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.11.059
Garg, A.K., Janyani, V., Batagelj, B.: Ring based latency-aware and energy-efficient Hybrid WDM TDM-PON with ODN interconnection capability for smart cities. Opt. Fiber Technol. 58, 102242 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102242
Garg, A.K., Janyani, V., Batagelj, B., Zainol Abidin, N.H., Abu Bakar, M.H.: Hybrid FSO/fiber optic link based reliable and energy efficient WDM optical network architecture. Opt. Fiber Technol. 61, 102422 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102422
Garg, A.K., Metya, S.K., Singh, G., Janyani, V., Aly, M.H., Zainol Abidin, N.H.: SMF/FSO integrated dual-rate reliable and energy efficient WDM optical access network for smart and urban communities. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53(11), 1–27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03260-9
Gharaei, M., Cordette, S., Gallion, P., Lepers, C., Fsaifes, I.: Enabling internetworking among ONUs in EPON using OCDMA technique, In 3rd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, SCS. 1–4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSCS.2009.5412582
Ghassemlooy, Z., Popoola, W., Rajbhandari, S.: Optical Wireless Communications System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2013)
Hayle, S.T., Manie, Y.C., Shao, G.M., Chiu, P.H., Yeh, T.Y., You, S.L., Peng, P.C.: Integration of fiber and FSO network with fault-protection for optical access network. Opt. Commun. 484, 126676 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126676
Imtiaz, W.A., Ahmed, H.Y., Zeghid, M., Sharief, Y.: An optimized architecture to reduce the impact of fiber strands in spectral/spatial optical code division multiple access passive optical networks (OCDMA-PON). Opt. Fiber Technol. 54, 102072 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.102072
Inc., C.: Corning SMF-28TM optical fiber product information, Product in- formation sheet
Kaushal, H., Kaddoum, G.: Optical communication in space: challenges and mitigation techniques. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 19(1), 57–96 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2603518
Khare, S., Kumar, A., Janyani, V.: Ring based hybrid FSO- fiber optic architecture utilizing same wavelengths for downstream and upstream transmission with FN/DN protection capability. Opt. Fiber Technol. 73, 103050 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2022.103050
Garg, A.K., Janyani, V., Singh, G., Ismail, T., Selmy, H.: Dedicated and broadcasting downstream transmission with energy-efficient and latency-aware ONU interconnection in WDM-PON for smart cities. Opt. Fiber Technol. 52, 101949 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.101949
Garg, A.K., Janyani, V., Aly, M.H., Abidin, N.H.Z., Mustapha, Y., Radhouene, M.: Flexible energy-efficient and direct intra-ODN / OPN communication capable TWDM PON architecture with centralized OLT sharing among multiple optical networks. Opt. Fiber Technol. 72, 102999 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2022.102999
Kumari, M. and Arya, V.: Design of ring-based 1 Tbps hybrid PON-FSO fault protection system using add/drop multiplexer, 55(2), Springer US, (2023). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04408-x
Lee, C., Sorin, W.V., Kim, B.Y.: Fiber to the home using a PON infrastructure. J. Light. Technol. 24(12), 4568–4583 (2006)
Lu, H-H., Li, C-Y., Ho C-M., Cheng M-T., Lin, X-Y., Yang Z-Y., Chen, H-W.: 64 Gb/s PAM4 VCSEL-based FSO link. Opt. Express. 25(5), 5749 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.005749
Magidi, S., Jabeena, A.: Review on wavelength division multiplexing free space optics. J. Opt. Commun. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0197
Majumdar, A.K.: Free-space laser communication performance in the atmospheric channel. J. Opt. Fiber Commun. Reports 2(4), 345–396 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10297-005-0054-0
Mandal, P., et al.: Hybrid WDM-FSO-PON with integrated SMF/FSO link for transportation of Rayleigh backscattering noise mitigated wired / wireless information in long-reach. Opt. Commun. 507, 127594 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127594
Maswikaneng, S. P.: Atmospheric Effects on Free Space Optics Wireless Communication: Applications and Challenges, 2018 Int. Conf. Intell. Innov. Comput. Appl., pp. 1–5, (2018)
Mirza, J., Imtiaz, W.A., Aljohani, A.J., Atieh, A., Ghafoor, S.: Design and analysis of a 32 × 5 Gbps passive optical network employing FSO based protection at the distribution level. Alexandria Eng. J. 59(6), 4621–4631 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.08.020
Mirza, J., Ghafoor, S., Hussain, A.: A full duplex ultrawideband over free-space optics architecture based on polarization multiplexing and wavelength reuse. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 2019, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32483
Mirza, J., Imtiaz, W.A., Aljohani, A.J., Ghafoor, S.: A high bit rate free space optics based ring topology having carrier-less nodes. IET Commun. 2021, 1530–1538 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12174
Mirza, J., Kanwal, B., Imtiaz, W.A., Atieh, A.: Single mode fiber—free space optic based hybrid 32 × 2 Gbps WDM—PON architecture employing optical frequency comb source and polarization multiplexing. Opt. Rev. 28(2), 255–265 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-021-00655-7
Mirza, J., Raza, A., Atieh, A., Iqbal, S., Ghafoor, S.: Self restorable intra data center interconnect based on multimode fiber and free-space optics. Opt. Eng. 60, 1–10 (2021c). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.60.3.036113
Nadarajah, N., Attygalle, M., Nirmalathas, A., Wong, E.: A novel local area network emulation technique on passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(5), 1121–1123 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2005.845736
Singh, M., Malhotra, J., Mani Rajan, M.S., Dhasarathan, V., Aly, M.H.: Performance evaluation of 6.4 Tbps dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying Nyquist-WDM superchannel FSO transmission link: impact of different weather conditions. Alexandria Eng. J. 59(2), 977–986 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.03.031
Su, Y., Tian, Y., Wong, E., Nadarajah, N., Chan, C.C.: All-optical virtual private network in passive optical networks. Laser Photonics Rev. 479(6), 460–479 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200810021
Wang, J.-Y., Wang, J.-B., Chen, M., Huang, N., Jia, L.-Q., Guan, R.: Ergodic capacity and outage capacity analysis for multiple-input single-output free-space optical communications over composite channels. Opt. Eng. 53(1), 016107 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.53.1.016107
Wey, J.S.: The outlook for PON standardization: a tutorial. J. Light. Technol. 38(1), 31–42 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2019.2950889
Wu, H-W., Lu, H-H., Tsai, W-S., , Huang, Y-C., Xie, J.-Y., Huang, Q-P., Tu, S-C.: A 448-Gb/s PAM4 FSO Communication With Polarization-Multiplexing Injection-Locked VCSELs Through 600 M Free-Space Link. IEEE Access 828859-28866 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2972943
Zhao, Q., Chan, C.: A wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network with flexible optical network unit internetworking capability. J. Light. Technol. 25(8), 1970–1977 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2007.901537
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the facility and support provided by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, India.
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The work was done by Shalini Khare under the supervision of Amit Kumar Garg and Vijay Janyani.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no confict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All authors are agreed and gave their consent to participate in this research work.
Consent for publication
All authors are agreed and gave their consent for the publication of this research paper.
Human participants and/or animals
No Humans and/or Animals are used for carrying out this research work.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Khare, S., Garg, A.K. & Janyani, V. 40 Gbps hybrid fiber optic over FSO based latency aware ring architecture with intra-ODN transmission capability. Opt Quant Electron 55, 363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04620-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04620-3