Abstract
Pure DGEBA epoxy polymer (DGEBA-EP) and MB: DGEBA-EPCPs with different MB dye contents were made using a basic casting suspension system. The enhancing effect of MB organic dye doping on the structural, optical, and dielectric properties has been investigated. The spectra XRD analysis shows an amorphous crystalline peak of approximately\(2\theta^\circ =18^\circ\) explaining the pure DGEBA-EP matrix semi-crystalline structure. No XRD-related trends peak related to MB atoms shows a high level of polymer mixture formation free from crystalline MB atoms and total miscibility of MB dye in the DGEBA-EP matrix. Since indirect band gaps are decreasing, light absorption behavior is improved, making the panels suitable for optical laser filter tools. A complete UV–Vis’s blocking in wavelength at 675 nm for the high levels of MB organic dye has been enhanced by limiting effect measurements of the MB: DGEBA-EPCPs. Our dielectric parameters pronounced that the MB organic dye is a respectable filler to enhance the electrical AC conductivity of the MB: DGEBA-EPCPs materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abutalib, M.M., Yahia, I.S.: Selective CUT-OFF laser filters using brilliant green-doped PMMA polymer composite films: sensing approach. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29, 19798–19804 (2018)
Hassan, A.F., Omran, A.H., Mohamed, A.M., Ali, N.F.: Studying the optical properties of epoxy panel doped with Al-Anthedin dye. J. Kufa Phys. 9, 58–65 (2017)
Ahmed, R.M.: Optical study on poly(methyl methacrylate)/ poly(vinyl acetate) blends. Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 1–7 (2009)
Ali, H.E., Khairy, Y., Algarni, H., Elsaeedy, H.I., Alshehri, A.M., Alkharis, H., Yahia, I.S.: The visible laser absorption property of chromium-doped polyvinyl alcohol films: synthesis, optical and dielectric properties. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51, 47 (1–12) (2019)
Al-Kadhemy, M.F.H., Al-Jabry, A.N.A.: Optical properties and FWHM of methylene blue doped poly vinyl alcohol films. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Innov. (IJMSI) 2, 178–192 (2014)
Al-Kotb, M.S., Farag, A.A.M., Yahia, I.S.: Tailoring the optical characteristics and band-gap of BG doped PMMA/FTO nanocomposite films for laser power attenuation: new approach. Phys. B Condens. Matter 641, 414081 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2022.414081
Aziz, S.B., Abdullah, O.G., Hussein, A.M., Ahmed, H.M.: From insulating PMMA polymer to conjugated double bond behavior: Green chemistry as a novel approach to fabricate small band gap polymers. Polymers 9(11), 626 (1–15) (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110626
Bouzidi, A., Omri, K., Jilani, W., Guermazi, H., Yahia, I.S.: Effect of the different concentrations of ZnO: Mn incorporation on the microstructure and dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29, 5908–5917 (2018b)
Bouzidi, A., Omri, K., Jilani, W., Guermazi, H., Yahia, I.S.: Influence of TiO2 incorporation on the microstructure, optical, and dielectric properties of TiO2/Epoxy composites. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 28, 1114–1126 (2018a)
Coulier, L., Bradley, E.L., Bas, R.C., Verhoeckx, K.C., Driffield, M., Harmer, N., Castle, L.: Analysis of reaction products of food contaminants and ingredients: bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in canned foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(8), 4873–4882 (2010)
Daram, B., Al-Rawi, K.R., AlShaikh Hussin, S.H.: Improve the performance efficiency of solar cell by using epoxy plates doped with Rhodamine 6G dye. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 4, 1726–1731 (2011)
De Boer, D.K.G., Lin, C.-W., Giesbers, M.P., Cornelissen, H.J., Debije, M.G., Verbunt, P.P.C., Broer, D.J.: Polarization-independent filters for luminescent solar concentrators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 021111 (1–4) (2011)
Di Benedetto, A.T.: Tailoring of interfaces in glass fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 302, 74–82 (2001)
El-Bashir, S.M., Yahia, I.S., Binhussain, M.A., Al Salhi, M.S.: Designing of PVA/Rose Bengal long-pass optical window applications. Results Phys. 7, 1238–1244 (2017)
El-Gamal, S., Ismail, A.M.: Electrical and optical properties of novel brilliant cresyl blue dye-doped PMMA as selective CUT-OFF laser filters. Polym. Int. 69, 1308–1318 (2020)
Faiz, S.A., Nibras, F.A.: Study the optical characteristics of epoxy panel doped with fluorescein-sodium dye. J. Kerbala Univ. 12, 50–60 (2014)
Fleischmann, C., Lievenbrück, M., Ritter, H.: Polymers and dyes: developments and applications. Polymers 7, 717–746 (2015)
Hemalatha, K.S., Rukmani, K., Suriyamurthy, N., Nagabhushana, B.M.: Influence of ZnO nanoparticles on thermal behavior of poly vinyl alcohol films. Mater. Res. Bul. 51, 438–446 (2014)
Henry, H., Neville, K.: Handbook of Epoxy Resins. McGraw-Hill, New York (1982)
Hirano, Y., Yokozeki, T., Ishida, Y., Goto, T., Takahashi, T., Qian, D., Ito, S., Ogasawara, T., Ishibashi, M.: Lightning damage suppression in a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer with a polyaniline-based conductive thermoset matrix. Compos. Sci. Technol. 127, 1–7 (2016)
Jafari-Soghieh, F., Pajoohi-Alamooti, E., Behniafar, H.: Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether-based epoxy networks with enhanced storage moduli using silica nanoparticles coated by NH2-functionalized poly(tetramethylene oxide). Polym. Sci. Ser. A 61, 357–365 (2019)
Jayaraj, B., Vishweswaraiah, S., Desai, V.H., Sohn, Y.H.: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of thermal barrier coatings as a function of isothermal and cyclic thermal exposure. Surf. Coat. Tech. 177, 140–151 (2004)
Kaygilia, O., Keserb, S., Atesa, T., Keser, S., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., Yakuphanoglu, F.: Controlling of dialectical properties of hydroxyapatite by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for bone healing applications. Spectrochim. Acta 129, 268–273 (2014)
Kharrat, H., Elfaleh, N., Kamoun, S.: Synthesis, crystal structure and dielectric properties of C6H18N2SbCl5. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 29, 532–543 (2016)
Marbello, O.O., Valbuena, S.D., Racedo, F.J.N.: Optical limiting phenomenon study in oils of vegetable origin. J. Appl. Res. Technol. 18(6), 333–340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2020.18.6.1345
Marqueño, A., Pérez-Albaladejo, E., Flores, C., Moyano, E., Porte, C.: Toxic effects of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and derivatives in human placental cells. Environ. Pollut. 244, 513–521 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.045
Misra, R.D.K., Nerikar, P., Bertrand, K., Murphy, D.: Some aspects of surface deformation and fracture of 5–20% calcium carbonate-reinforced polyethylene composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 384, 284–298 (2004)
Mohammed, M.I., Yahia, I.S.: Synthesis and optical properties of basic fuchsin dye-doped PMMA polymer films for laser applications: wide-scale absorption band. Opt. Quant. Electron. 50, 159 (1–12) (2018)
Nadir, F.H., Bashar, H.A., Sami, S.C.: Optical properties of BaCI2 doped poly (vinyl alcohol) films. Iraqi J. Phys. 10, 18–22 (2012)
Potschke, P., Dudkin, S.M., Alig, I.: Dielectric spectroscopy on melt processed polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Polymer 44, 5023–5030 (2003)
Ramakrishna, H.V., Rai, S.K.: Effect on the mechanical properties and water absorption of granite powder composites on the toughening epoxy with unsaturated polyester and unsaturated polyester with epoxy resin. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 25, 17–32 (2006)
Rana, S., Alagirusamy, R., Joshi, M.: Development of carbon nanofibre incorporated three phase carbon/epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 42, 439–445 (2011)
Roling, B., Happe, A., Funke, K., Ingram, M.D.: Carrier concentrations and relaxation spectroscopy: new information from scaling properties of conductivity spectra in ionically conducting glasses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2160–2163 (1997)
Shanshool, H.M., Yahaya, M., Yunus, W.M.M., Abdullah, I.Y.: Investigation of energy band gap in polymer/ZnO nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27(9), 9804–9811 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-5046-8
Shukla, N., Kumar, V., Dwivedi, D.K.: Dependence of dielectric parameters and a.c. conductivity on frequency and temperature in bulk Se90Cd8In2 glassy alloy. J. Non-Oxide Glasses 8, 47–57 (2016)
Singh, P., Kaushal, A., Kaur, D.: Mn-doped ZnO nanocrystalline thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. J. Alloy Compd. 471, 11–15 (2009)
Song, X., Xiao, P.: An impedance spectroscopy study of high-temperature oxidation of thermal barrier coatings. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 97, 46–53 (2003)
Sueiro, R.A., Suarez, S., Araujo, M., Garrido, M.J.: Study on mutagenic effects of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its derivatives in the Escherichia coli tryptophan reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 609(1), 11–16 (2006)
Taherian, R., Kausar, A.: Electrical Conductivity in Polymer-Based Composites: Experiments, Modelling, and Applications. William Andrew, Norwich, NY (2018)
Tao, P., Viswanath, A., Schadler, L.S., Benicewicz, B.C., Siegel, R.W.: Preparation and optical properties of indium tin oxide/epoxy nanocomposites with polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 3, 3638–3645 (2011)
Tataroglu, A., Altındal, S., Bulbul, M.M.: Temperature and frequency dependent electrical and dielectric properties of Al/SiO2/p-Si (MOS) structure. Microelectron. Eng. 81, 140–149 (2005)
Wang, X., Mei, J., Xiao, P.: Non-destructive evaluation of thermal barrier coatings using impedance spectroscopy. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21, 855–859 (2001)
Wang, D., Zhao, H., Fei, X., Synder, S.A., Fang, M., Liu, M.: A comprehensive review of the analytical method, occurrence, transformation, and toxicity of a reactive pollutant: BADGE. Environ. Int. 155, 106701 (1–15) (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106701
Wu, N.Q., Ogawa, K., Chyu, M., Mao, S.: Failure detection of thermal barrier coatings using impedance spectroscopy. Thin Solid Films 257, 301–306 (2004)
Xue, J., Liu, W., Kannan, K.: Bisphenols, benzophenones, and bisphenol a diglycidyl ethers in textiles and infant clothing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51(9), 5279–5286 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00701
Yahia, I.S., Zahran, H.Y., Alamri, F.H.: Pyronin Y as new organic semiconductors: structure, optical spectroscopy and electrical/dielectric properties. Synth. Met. 218, 19–26 (2016)
Yahia, I.S., Keshk, M.A.S.: Preparation and characterization of PVA/Congo red polymer composite films for a wide scale laser filter. Opt. Laser Technol. 90, 197–200 (2017)
Yakuphanoglu, F., Sekerci, M., Evin, E.: The determination of the conduction mechanism and optical band gap of fluorescein sodium salt. Phys. B 382, 21–25 (2006)
Zidan, H.M., El-Ghamaz, N.A., Abdelghany, A.M., Lotfy, A.: Structural and electrical properties of PVA/PVP blend doped with methylene blue dye. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11, 9041–9056 (2016)
Acknowledgements
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R184), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study of the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of the MB: DGEBA-EPCPs with different MB dye content. These epoxy polymer composite systems were prepared by the direct dispersion method. Their uses in optoelectronic device materials are enhanced. XRD, UV–Vis-NIR optical absorbance data, and dielectric spectroscopy data were analyzed and performed as a function of the effect of wt % MB organic dye on various properties of the DGEBA-EP matrix by [WJ], [SG], [AB], [FFA-H], [OK], [HG], and [ISY]. The spectra XRD analysis shows an amorphous crystalline peak of approximately \(2\theta^\circ =18^\circ\), explaining the pure DGEBA-EP matrix semi-crystalline structure. No XRD-related trends peak related to MB atoms shows a high level of polymer mixture formation free from crystalline MB atoms and total miscibility of MB dye in the DGEBA-EP matrix. The decrease in the indirect band gaps enhanced the light absorption behaviors, making the materials potentially used in optical laser filter devices. A complete UV–Vis’s blocking in wavelength at 675 nm for the high levels of MB organic dye has been enhanced by limiting effect measurements of the MB: DGEBA-EPCPs. Our dielectric parameters pronounced that the MB organic dye is a good filler to enhance the electrical conductivity of the MB: DGEBA-EPCPs materials. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [AB] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jilani, W., Gouadria, S., Bouzidi, A. et al. DGEBA epoxy polymer composite panels (MB: DGEBA-EPCPs): structural, optical, and dielectric properties-leanings and appliances in optical electronics. Opt Quant Electron 55, 257 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04496-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04496-9