Abstract
Spiral phase plates are a common method, which provides direct efficient generation of beams carried orbital angular momentum from Gaussian beams. They are characterized by high efficiency and less complex structure compared to other optical elements used for vortex beams generation. In this paper, we propose to use laser-induced microplasma (a simple, reliable, and high-performance technology) for spiral phase plate fabrication on fused silica. Spiral phase plate fabricated for the wavelength of 1.06 μm was tested using registration of generated intensity distribution in the far field by CCD camera. Test results demonstrate that fabricated plate generates vortex beam with the topological charge equal to 1 and correlate with theoretical concept. The conversion efficiency of fabricated plate was determined by measuring the initial beam power and the transmitted beam through fabricated plate. It appeared to be ∼ 75%.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Allen, L., Beijersbergen, M.W., Spreeuw, R.J.C., Woerdman, J.P.: Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. Phys. Rev. A. (1992). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.45.8185
Ambrosio, A., Marucci, L., Borbone, F., Roviello, A., Maddalena, P.: Light-induced spiral mass transport in azo-polymer films under vortex-beam illumination. Nat. Commun. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1996
Arbabi, A., Horie, Y., Bagheri, M., Faraon, A.: Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.186
Arlt, J., Dholakia, K., Allen, L., Padgett, M.J.: The production of multiringed laguerre-gaussian modes by computer-generated holograms. J. Mod. Opt. (1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500349808230913
Brasselet, E., Malinauskas, M., Zukauskas, A., Juodkazis, S.: Photopolymerized microscopic vortex beam generators: precise delivery of optical orbital angular momentum. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3517519
Cano-Garcia, M., Quintana, X., Oton, J.M., Geday, M.A.: Dynamic multilevel spiral phase plate generator. Sci. Rep. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34041-2
Curtis, J.E., Grier, D.G.: Structure of optical vortices. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.133901
Guillon, M., Forget, B.C., Foust, A.J., De Sars, V., Ritsch-Marte, M., Emiliani, V.: Vortex-free phase profiles for uniform patterning with computer-generated holography. Opt. Express (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.012640
Hopp, B., Smausz, T., Vass, C., Szabo, G., Bohme, R., Hirsch, D., Zimmer, K.: Laser-induced backside dry and wet etching of transparent materials using solid and molten tin as absorbers. Appl. Phys. A. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-009-5078-5
Huang, L., Chen, X., Muhlenbernd, H., Zhang, H., Chen, S., Bai, B., Tan, Q., Jin, G., Cheah, K.-W., Qiu, C.W., Li, J., Zentgraf, T., Zhang, S.: Three-dimensional optical holography using a plasmonic metasurface. Nat. Commun. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3808
Jun, C., Deng-Feng, K., Min, G., Zhi-Liang, F.: Generation of optical vortex using a spiral phase plate fabricated in quartz by direct laser writing and inductively coupled plasma etching. Chin. Phys. Lett. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/26/1/014202
Karimi, E., Schulz, S.A., Leon, I., De, Qassim, H., Upham, J., Boyd, R.W.: Generating optical orbital angular momentum at visible wavelengths using a plasmonic metasurface. Light Sci. Appl. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2014.48
Kostyuk, G.K., Sergeev, M.M., Zakoldaev, R.A., Yakovlev, E.B.: Fast microstructuring of silica glasses surface by NIR laser radiation. Opt. Lasers Eng. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.12.004
Kostyuk, G.K., Zakoldaev, R.A., Koval, V.V., Sergeev, M.M., Rymkevich, V.S.: Laser microplasma as a tool to fabricate phase grating applied for laser beam splitting. Opt. Lasers Eng. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.12.013
Kostyuk, G.K., Stepanyuk, D.S., Shkuratova, V.A., Petrov, A.A., Nesterov, N.A.: The effect of fused quartz structuring by laser-induced microplasma and purification on multisector binary phase plates operation. J. Instrum. Eng. (2022). https://doi.org/10.17586/0021-3454-2022-65-10-747-762
Kotlyar, V.V., Kovalev, A.A.: Fraunhofer diffraction of the plane wave by a multilevel (quantized) spiral phase plate. Opt. Lett. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.000189
Kotlyar, V.V., Kovalev, A.A., Porfirev, A.P.: Asymmetric gaussian optical vortex. Opt. Lett. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.000139
Koval, V.V., Sergeev, M.M., Zakoldaev, R.A., Kostyuk, G.K.: Changes in the spectral characteristics of quartz-glass plates when they are processed with laser-induced plasma. J. Opt. Technol. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOT.84.000447
Lee, W.M., Yuan, X.-C., Cheong, W.C.: Optical vortex beam shaping by use of highly efficient irregular spiral phase plates for optical micromanipulation. Opt. Lett. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.29.001796
Li, W., Morgan, K.S., Li, Y., Miller, J.K., White, G., Watkins, R.J., Johnson, E.G.: Rapidly tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) system for higher order Bessel beams integrated in time (HOBBIT). Opt. Express. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.003920
Lin, D., Fan, P., Hasman, E., Brongersma, M.L.: Dielectric gradient metasurface optical elements. Science. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253213
Liu, B., He, Y., Wong, S., Li, Y.: Multifunctional vortex beam generation by a dynamic reflective metasurface. Adv. Opt. Mater. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202001689
Massari, M., Ruffato, G., Gintoli, M., Ricci, F., Romanato, F.: Fabrication and characterization of high-quality spiral phase plates for optical applications. Appl. Opt. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.004077
Maurer, C., Jesacher, A., Furhapter, S., Bernet, S., Ritsch-Marte, M.: Upgrading a microscope with a spiral phase plate. J. Microsc. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01968.x
Minovich, A.E., Miroshnichenko, A.E., Bykov, A.Y., Murzina, T.V., Neshev, D.N., Kivshar, Y.S.: Functional and nonlinear optical metasurfaces. Laser Photon. Rev. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201400402
Ng, J., Lin, Z., Chan, C.T.: Theory of optical trapping by an optical vortex beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.103601
Oemrawsingh, S.S.R., Van Houwelingen, J.A.W., Eliel, E.R., Woerdman, J.P., Verstegen, E.J.K., Kloosterboer, J.G., Hoft, G.W.: Production and characterization of spiral phase plates for optical wavelengths. Appl. Opt. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.43.000688
Padgett, M.J., Allen, L.: The poynting vector in Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. Opt. Commun. (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(95)00455-H
Padgett, M.J., Allen, L.: Orbital angular momentum exchange in cylindrical-lens mode converters. J. Opt. B. (2002). https://doi.org/10.1088/1464-4266/4/2/362
Porfirev, A., Kuchmizhak, A.: Non-ring perfect optical vortices with p-th order symmetry generated using composite diffractive optical elements. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5052274
Ruffato, G., Massari, M., Romanato, F.: Generation of high-order Laguerre-Gaussian modes by means of spiral phase plates. Opt. Lett. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.005094
Ruffato, G., Massari, M., Carli, M., Romanato, F.: Spiral phase plates with radial discontinuities for the generation of multiring orbital angular momentum beams: fabrication, characterization, and application. Opt. Eng. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.54.11.111307
Ruffato, G., Massari, M., Parisi, G., Romanato, F.: Test of mode-division multiplexing and demultiplexing in free-space with diffractive transformation optics. Opt. Express. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.007859
Scipioni, M., Tyson, R.K., Viegas, J.: Mode purity comparison of optical vortices generated by a segmented deformable mirror and a static multilevel phase plate. Appl. Opt. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.005098
Shi, L., Zhang, Z., Cao, A., Luo, X., Deng, Q.: One exposure processing to fabricate spiral phase plate with continuous surface. Opt. Express. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.008620
Sueda, K., Miyaji, G., Miyanaga, N., Nakatsuka, M.: Laguerre-Gaussian beam generated with a multilevel spiral phase plate for high intensity laser pulses. Opt. Express. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.003548
Tao, S.H., Yuan, X.-C., Lin, J., Peng, X., Niu, H.B.: Fractional optical vortex beam induced rotation of particles. Opt. Express (2005). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.007726
Toyoda, K., Miyamoto, K., Aoki, N., Morita, R., Omatsu, T.: Using optical vortex to control the chirality of twisted metal nanostructures. Nano Lett. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl301347j
Tyson, R.K., Scipioni, M., Viegas, J.: Generation of an optical vortex with a segmented deformable mirror. Appl. Opt. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.006300
Veiko, V.P., Volkov, S.A., Zakoldaev, R.A., Sergeev, M.M., Samokhvalov, A.A., Kostyuk, G.K., Milyaev, K.A.: Laser-induced microplasma as a tool for microstructuring transparent media. Quantum Electron. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1070/QEL16377
Vickers, J., Burch, M., Vyas, R., Singh, S.: Phase and interference properties of optical vortex beams. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.25.000823
Wang, J., Niino, H., Yabe, A.: One-step microfabrication of fused silica by laser ablation of an organic solution. Appl. Phys. A. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/S003390050863
Wang, W., Li, Y., Guo, Z., Li, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, A., Qu, S.: Ultra-thin optical vortex phase plate based on the metasurface and the angular momentum transformation. J. Opt. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/17/4/045102
Wang, X., Kuchmizhak, A.A., Brasselet, E., Juodkazis, S.: Dielectric geometric phase optical elements fabricated by femtosecond direct laser writing in photoresists. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4982602
Wei, H., Amrithanath, A.K., Krishnaswamy, S.: 3D printing of micro-optic spiral phase plates for the generation of optical vortex beams. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2019.2903151
Wisniewski-Barker, E., Padgett, M.J.: Orbital angular momentum. In: Andrews, D.L. (ed.) Photonics, pp. 321–340. Wiley, New Jersey. (2015)
Xu, S., Liu, B., Pan, C., Ren, L., Tang, B., Hu, Q., Jiang, L.: Ultrafast fabrication of micro-channels and graphite patterns on glass by nanosecond laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation (LIPAA) for electrofluidic devices. J. Mater. Process. Technol. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.04.028
Xuewen, W., Nie, Z., Liang, Y., Wang, J., Li, T., Jia, B.: Recent advances on optical vortex generation. Nanophotonics. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0072
Yao, A.M., Padgett, M.J.: Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications. Adv. Opt. Photonics. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.3.000161
Zakoldaev, R., Kostyuk, G., Rymkevich, V., Koval, V., Sergeev, M., Veiko, V., Yakovlev, E., Sivers, A.: Fast fabrication of multilevel phase plates used for laser beam correction. J. Laser Micro Nanoeng. (2017). https://doi.org/10.2961/jlmn.2017.03.0018
Zhang, J., Sugioka, K., Midorikawa, K.: High-quality and high-efficiency machining of glass materials by laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation using conventional nanosecond UV, visible, and infrared lasers. Appl. Phys. A. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/S003390051551
Zhang, L., Mei, S., Huang, K., Qui, C.-W.: Advances in full control of electromagnetic waves with metasurfaces. Adv. Opt. Mater. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201500690
Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., Burokur, S.N.: A review of orbital angular momentum vortex beams generation: from traditional methods to metasurfaces. Appl. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031015
Zhu, X., Vannahme, C., Hojlund-Nielsen, E., Mortensen, N.A., Kristensen, A.: Plasmonic colour laser printing. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.285
Zhu, X., Yan, W., Levy, U., Mortensen, N.A., Kristensen, A.: Resonant-laser-printing of structural colors on high-index dielectric metasurfaces. Sci. Adv. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602487
Zhu, X., Engelberg, J., Remennik, S., Zhou, B., Pedersen, J.N., Uhd Jepsen, P., Levy, U., Kristensen, A.: Resonant laser printing of optical metasurfaces. Nano Lett. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04874
Zukauskas, A., Malinauskas, M., Brasselet, E.: Monolithic generators of pseudo-nondiffracting optical vortex beams at the microscale. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4828662
Funding
The study was funded by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 20-71-10103).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KG and SV wrote the main manuscript text; SV prepared graphical materials; all authors did experiments, discussed the results, and reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Fundamentals of Laser Assisted Micro- & Nanotechnologies, Guest edited by Vadim Veiko, Tigran Vartanyan, Andrey Belikov and Eugene Avrutin.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kostyuk, G., Shkuratova, V., Petrov, A. et al. Spiral phase plate for generation of scalar vortex beam made on fused silica by laser-induced microplasma. Opt Quant Electron 55, 344 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04491-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04491-0