Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analytical investigation and numerical modelling of optimum EDFA-RFA hybrid optical amplifier for augmented gain and reduced differential spectral gain in ultra-dense WDM environment

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) system is analysed by using coupled mode equations and subsequently through simulations. We aim reduction in differential spectral gain (∆G) while maintaining high gain (G). Analytical elucidation explores pivotal gain influencing parameters which include input signal power (\({P}_{Sq,01}\left(z\right)\)), EDFA parameters like erbium doping radius to Erbium-Doped Fiber (EDF) core radius (\({r}_{d} / {r}_{c}\)) ratio, EDF length (LEDF) and pump power (\({P}_{p,01}\left(z\right)\)). The propagation behaviour of input signal, pump signal, Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE), population inversion criteria, G and ∆G observed trends are analysed. Modified Giles model is extended to extract transverse overlap factor confirming gain influencing behaviour of \({r}_{d}\). For gain enhancement, ASE re-injection and its utility as a secondary pump source has been exploited. To ensure optimum G and ∆G in the trending research window (C + L band), an ultra-dense ASE re-injected EDFA and Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA) based Hybrid Optical Amplifier (ER-HOAase) setup is investigated. The proposed optimum setup offers high G (> 44.5 dB), low NF (~ 4 dB), reduced ∆G =  ± 0.19 dB for 128 WDM channels from 1561.8 to 1568.15 nm spaced 0.05 nm apart. Four hybrid systems are compared: ASE re-injected systems (ER-HOAase-initial, ER-HOAase-opt) and systems without ASE re-injection (ER-HOAinitial, ER-HOAopt). It is observed that the performance of the proposed ER-HOAase-opt is the highest, followed by ER-HOAase-initial, ER-HOAopt, and ER-HOAinitial. Also, Quality factor performance with initial and optimum parameters is evaluated. Consequently, it is observed that the best performing setup, ER-HOAase-opt maintains Q ≥ 6 over 290 km of fiber length.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and material

Not Applicable.

Code availability

Not Applicable.

References

  • Almukhtar, A.A., Al-Azzawi, A.A., Cheng, X.S., Reddy, P.H., Dhar, A., Paul, M.C., Ahmad, H., Harun, S.W.: Enhanced triple-pass hybrid erbium-doped fiber amplifier using distribution pumping scheme in a dual-stage configuration. Optik 204, 164191 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin, I. and Qazi, G.: RFA pump-initiated gain augmented spectrum linearization of ASE re-injected EDFA-RFA hybrid amplifier for ultra-dense WDM systems. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54(7), 1–23 (2022)

  • Carena, A., Curri, V., Poggiolini, P.: On the optimization of hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 13(11), 1170–1172 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Durak, F.E., Altuncu, A.: The effect of ASE reinjection configuration through FBGs on the gain and noise figure performance of L-Band EDFA. Opt. Commun. 386, 31–36 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, Y., Zeng, Y., Qin, Y., Xu, O., Li, J. and Fu, S.: Design of ring-core few-mode-EDFA with the enhanced saturation input signal power and low differential modal gain. IEEE Photonics J. 13(4), 1–6 (2021)

  • Gaur, A. Kumar, G. and Rastogi, V.: Dual-core few mode EDFA for amplification of 20 modes. Opt. Quant. Electronics. 50(2), 1–10 (2018)

  • Ghatak, A., Thyagarajan, K.: An Introduction to Fiber Optics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1998)

  • Gurkaynak, I.A., Al-Mashhadani, M.K.S., Ali, M.H., Al-Mashhadani, T.F., Gunduz, A.E., Yucel, M., Goktas, H.H.: Widely flatness gain bandwidth with double pass parallel hybrid fiber amplifier. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(7), 1–11 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ip, E.: Gain equalization for few-mode fiber amplifiers beyond two propagating mode groups. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1933–1936 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M.N.: Raman amplifiers for telecommunications. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8(3), 548–559 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeurink, S., Krummrich, P.M.: Multimode EDFA with scalable mode selective gain control at 1480-nm pump wavelength. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(9), 849–852 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, Y.: Calculations and measurements of Raman gain coefficients of different fiber types. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech, (2002)

  • Kang, Q., Lim, E., Jung, Y., Sahu, J.K., Poletti, F., Baskiotis, C., Alam, S., Richardson, D.J.: Accurate modal gain control in a multimode erbium doped fiber amplifier incorporating ring doping and a simple LP01 pump configuration. Opt. Express 20(19), 20835–20843 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, C., Goyal, R.: Experimental evaluation of HOA in terms of flat gain in C-Band for super dense optical communication system. Wirel Pers Commun 108(2), 1201–1208 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, C., Kumar, G.: A high flatness gain subsisting of cascaded EDFA-TDFA hybrid optical amplifier for super dense wavelength division multiplexing system. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(10), 1–9 (2021)

  • Mahran, O., Aly, M.H.: Performance characteristics of dual-pumped hybrid EDFA/Raman optical amplifier. Appl. Opt. 55(1), 22–26 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, D., Kaushik, G., Wason, A.: Performance optimization of hybrid optical amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system. J. Opt. 47(2), 235–242 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obaid, H.M., Shahid, H.: Performance evaluation of hybrid optical amplifiers for a 100× 10 Gbps DWDM system with ultrasmall channel spacing. Optik 200, 163404 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Optisystem version 16, Optical communication system design software, Optiwave, Canada, available online at https://www.optiwave.com

  • Padwal, S. N., & Chattopaddhyay, M.: Performance analysis of hybrid optical amplifier in C and L band over EDFA and RFA. Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron. Commun. Eng, 2, 40–44 (2013)

  • Singh, S., Randhawa, R. and Kaler, R.S.: Handbook on Optical Amplifiers. Lamber Academic Publishing (2015)

  • Singh, S., Kaler, R.S.: Investigation of hybrid optical amplifiers for dense wavelength division multiplexed system with reduced spacings at higher bit rates. Fiber Integr. Opt. 31(3), 208–220 (2012a)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Kaler, R.S.: Flat-gain L-band Raman-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(3), 250–252 (2012b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Meng, X., Liu, C.: Accurately control and flatten gain spectrum of L-band erbium doped fiber amplifier based on suitable gain-clamping. Opt. Laser Technol. 78, 74–78 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Meng, X., Liu, C., & Liu, C.: Gain-flattened two-stage L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier by weak gain-clamped technique. Opt. Eng. 54(3), 036107(2015)

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, 190006, India

    Ifrah Amin & Gausia Qazi

Authors
  1. Ifrah Amin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gausia Qazi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ifrah Amin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Competing Interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amin, I., Qazi, G. Analytical investigation and numerical modelling of optimum EDFA-RFA hybrid optical amplifier for augmented gain and reduced differential spectral gain in ultra-dense WDM environment. Opt Quant Electron 55, 155 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04420-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04420-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation