Abstract
This work is a proposal for a new structure of voltage sensor based on photonic crystals; it is composed of U-shaped photonic crystal ring resonator placed between two waveguides. The sensors structures have been changed in order to improve important sensor parameters such as quality factor and transmission. A large quality factor induces a good light confinement in semiconductor defect, making the photon more sensitive to voltage variation. The studied device offers nearly 100% transmission efficiency and a quality factor about 24,064. The electro-optical materials properties are ideally suited for narrow-channel optical communication systems and sensing applications. The values of about 622.22 nm/RIU, 1.12 nm/V and 2.24 nm per kV/mm have been obtained for refractive index sensitivity (Sn), the voltage sensitivity (SV) and the electric field sensitivity (SE), respectively. The simulation results presented in this paper have been analyzed by the two-methods plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) using the Rsoft software.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arunkumar, R., Suaganya, T., Robinson, S.: Design and analysis of 2D photonic crystal based biosensor to detect different blood components. Photonic Sens. 9(1), 69–77 (2019)
Benmerkhi, A., Bounouioua, A., Bouchemat, M., Bouchemat, T.: Analysis of a photonic crystal temperature sensor based on Z-shaped ring resonator. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53(41), 1–14 (2021)
Bottauscio, O., Chiampi, M., Crotti, G., Giordano, D., Wang, W.C., Zilberti, L.: Uncertainty estimate associated with the electric field induced inside human bodies by unknown LF sources. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measur. 62, 1436–1442 (2013)
D’souza, N.M., Mathew, V.: Two-dimensional tunable photonic crystal defect-based drop filter at communication wavelength. Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 25, 14–18 (2017)
Dašić, M. and Popović, M. A.: Minimum drop-loss design of microphotonic microring-resonator channel add-drop filters. In: 20th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), pp. 927–930 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/TELFOR.2012.6419360
Fu, Y., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Gong, Q.: Electro-optic tunable multi-channel filter in two dimensional ferroelectric photonic crystals. J. Opt. 12, 075202 (2010)
Gadot, F., Chelnokov, A., De Lustrac, A., Crozat, P., Lourtioz, J.-M., Cassagne, D., Jouanin, C.: Experimental demonstration of complete photonic band gap in graphite structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1780–1782 (1997)
Ghadrdan, M., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.-A.: Low-threshold ultrafast all-optical switch implemented with metallic nanoshells in the photonic crystal ring resonator. Superlattices Microstruct. 111, 789–795 (2017)
Gutierrez-Martinez, C., Santos-Aguilar, J.: Electric field sensing scheme based on matched LiNbO3 electro-optic retarders. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measur. 57, 1362–1368 (2008)
Hemanth Kumar, B.M., Srikanth, P.C., Vaibhav, A.M.: A novel computation method for detection of Malaria in RBC using Photonic biosensor. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 13(5), 2053–2058 (2021)
Ho, K., Chan, C.T., Soukoulis, C.M.: Existence of a photonic gap in periodic dielectric structures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990)
Joannopoulos, J.D., Meade, R.D., Winn, J.N.: Photonic Crystal: Modeling of Flow of Light. Princeton University Press, Princeton,NJ (1995)
Lin, P.T., Liu, Z., Wessels, B.W.: Ferroelectric thin film photonic crystal waveguide and it selectro-optic properties. J. Opt. a: Pure Appl. Opt. 11, 075005 (2009)
Mohammadi, Z., Van Vlack, C.P., Hughes, S., Bornemann, J., Gordon, R.: Vortex electron energy loss spectroscopy for near-field mapping of magnetic plasmons. Opt. Express 20(14), 15024–15034 (2012)
Olyaee, S., Bahabady, A.M.: A Two-curve-shaped biosensor using photonic crystal nano-ring resonators. J. Nanostruct. 4, 303–308 (2014)
Olyaee, S., Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A.: Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application. Opt. Quantum Electron. 47(7), 1881–1888 (2015)
Plihal, M., Maradudin, A.: Photonic band structure of two-dimensional systems: the triangular lattice. Phys. Rev. B 44, 8565 (1991)
Rajalakshmi, G., Sivanantharaja, A., ShanmugaSundar, D.: Design and optimization of two dimensional photonic crystal-based optical filter. J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. 24, 1550027 (2015)
Rajasekar, R., Robinson, S.: Nano-electric field sensor based on two dimensional photonic crystal resonator. Opt. Mater. 85, 474–482 (2018)
Rajasekar, R., Robinson, S.: Nano-channel drop filter using photonic crystal ring resonator for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems. J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14, 753–758 (2019)
Rajasekar, R., Jayson, K., Jayabarathan, J., Robinson, S.: Nano-optical filter based on multicavity coupled photonic crystal ring resonator. Physica E 114, 113591 (2019)
Rakhshani, M.R., et al.: Tunable channel drop filter using hexagonal photonic crystal ring resonators. Telkomnika Indones. J. Electr. Eng. 11(1), 513–516 (2013)
Rashki, Z., Chabok, S.J.S.M.: Novel design of optical channel drop filters based on two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Commun. 395, 231–235 (2017)
Rezaee, S., Zavvari, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel optical filter based on H-shape photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik 126, 2535–2538 (2015)
Robinson, S., Shanthi, K.V.: Analysis of protein concentration based on photonic crystal ring resonator. Int. J. Opt. Photonics 10, 123–130 (2016)
Siraji, A., Alam, M.S., Haque, S.: Impact of space modulation confinement of light in a novel photonic crystal cavity on ferroelectric barium titanate. J. Lightw. Technol. 31, 802–808 (2013)
Suganya, T., Robinson, S.: Design of 2D photonic crystal based force sensor using paralleloid ring resonator. J. Micoelectron. 3(3), 425–430 (2017)
Sun, D., Fu, X., Jiang, H.: Simulations for dual-rail driven electrooptic modulators of BaTiO3 crystal thin-film waveguides. Opt. Commun. 301–302, 152–158 (2013)
Taflove, A., Hagness, S.C.: Computational electrodynamics: the finite-difference time-domain method. Artech House, Norwood (2005)
Venkatachalam, K., Robinson, S., Dhamodharan, S.K.: Performance analysis of an eight channel demultiplexer using a 2D photonic crystal quasi square ring resonator. Opto-Electron. Rev. 25, 74–79 (2017)
Villeneuve, P.R., Piché, M.: Photonic band gaps in two-dimensional square and hexagonal lattices. Phys. Rev. B 46, 4969–4972 (1992)
Watanabe, Y., Sawamura, D., Okano, M.: Recurrent local resistance breakdown of epitaxial BaTiO3 heterostructure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2415 (1998)
Zhang, W., Hu, A., Ming, N.: The photonic band structure of two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of ionic dielectric media. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9, 541–549 (1997)
Zhao, Y., Ying, Y., Wang, Q.: Latest research progress on methods and technologies for tunable photonic crystals. Opt. Laser Technol. 64, 278–287 (2014)
Zhu, T., Zhou, L., Liu, M., Zhang, J., Shi, L.: High sensitive space electric field sensing based on microfiber interferometer with field force driven gold nanofilm. Sci. Rep. 5, 15802 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to professor A. Bellel for his valuable help.
Funding
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Alioueche, A., Benmerkhi, A. & Bouchemat, M. Optical photonic crystal sensor based on U-shaped ring resonator. Opt Quant Electron 54, 831 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04248-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04248-9