Abstract
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) has gained considerable interest as a promising means to address the demand-driven transmission capacity increase. For proper use of this technology, optical amplification requirement along the transmission line needs to be explored. Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) re-injection technique to enhance the overall Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) gain spectrum characteristics has been re-examined, and its utility has been favorably extended to Hybrid Optical Amplifiers (HOA) in this work. We analyze the performance of EDFA, ASE re-injected EDFA (EDFAase), and ASE re-injected EDFA and Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA) based HOA (ER-HOAase) in an ultra-dense high capacity WDM system. The performance is evaluated and compared in terms of Gain (G) and Differential Gain (∆G) for the optical amplifier configurations mentioned above. This paper investigates the effect of Input Power (Pin) on the performance of these three configurations. Wavelength selection of the RFA pump is also explored since it plays a crucial role in augmenting the gain. Here, the inherent gradient in the RFA gain spectrum is well exploited in achieving spectrum linearization with reduced slope and hence decreasing ∆G in the ER-HOAase configuration. After identifying optimal input power, RFA pump wavelength, and RFA length, it is observed that ER-HOAase outperforms both EDFAase, and EDFA based configurations where G and ∆G is concerned. The ER-HOAase offers a flat gain of 45.19 dB with a minor variation of ± 0.25 dB. An insight to the processing of ASE spectrum, as it traverses through various units, is also provided. The gain capability of each amplifying unit will have an equal impact on both the signal and ASE spectrum. This is followed by comparing the Quality factor performance of the configurations in a 128 × 10 Gbps, 0.05 nm spaced ultra-dense WDM system, wherein it is observed that ER-HOAase performs the best amongst all. For ER-HOAase, it is observed that Q ≥ 6 till a distance of 280 km.
Similar content being viewed by others
Code availability
Not Applicable.
References
Ali, M.H., Ali, A.H., Abdulsatar, S.M., Saleh, M.A., Abass, A.K., Al-Mashhadani, T.F.: Pump power optimization for hybrid fiber amplifier utilizing second order stimulated Raman scattering. Opt. Quant. Electron. 52, 1–8 (2020)
Almukhtar, A.A., Al-Azzawi, A.A., Cheng, X.S., Reddy, P.H., Dhar, A., Paul, M.C., Harun, S.W.: Enhanced triple-pass hybrid erbium-doped fiber amplifier using distribution pumping scheme in a dual-stage configuration. Optik 204, 164191 (2020)
Altuncu, A., Basgumus, A.: Gain enhancement in L-band loop EDFA through C-band signal injection. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(7), 1402–1404 (2005)
Carena, A., Curri, V., Poggiolini, P.: On the optimization of hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 13(11), 1170–1172 (2001)
Durak, F.E., Altuncu, A.: The effect of ASE reinjection configuration through FBGs on the gain and noise figure performance of L-Band EDFA. Opt. Commun. 386, 31–36 (2017)
Gurkaynak, I.A., Al-Mashhadani, M.K.S., Ali, M.H., Al-Mashhadani, T.F., Gunduz, A.E., Yucel, M., Goktas, H.H.: Widely flatness gain bandwidth with double pass parallel hybrid fiber amplifier. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(7), 1–11 (2021)
Harun, S.W., Subramaniam, T., Tamchek, N., Ahmad, H.: Gain and noise figure performances of L-band EDFA with an Injection of C-band ASE. J. Teknol. 40, 9–16 (2004)
Kang, Y.: Calculations and measurements of Raman gain coefficients of different fiber types. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech (2002)
Kumar, C., Kumar, G.: A high flatness gain subsisting of cascaded EDFA-TDFA hybrid optical amplifier for super dense wavelength division multiplexing system. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53, 580 (2021)
Liang, T.C., Hsu, S.: The L-band EDFA of high clamped gain and low noise figure implemented using fiber Bragg grating and double-pass method. Opt. Commun. 281(5), 1134–1139 (2008)
Liaw, S. K., Yu, Y.L., and Liu, R.Y.: Hybrid optical amplifiers: design and investigation. 12th IEEE international conference on solid state and integrated circuit technology, vol 31 (17) pp. 1–4 (2014)
Mahran, O., Aly, M.H.: Performance characteristics of dual-pumped hybrid EDFA/Raman optical amplifier. Appl. Opt. 55(1), 22–26 (2016)
Malik, D., Kaushik, G., Wason, A.: Performance optimization of hybrid optical amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system. J. Opt. 47(2), 235–242 (2018)
Obaid, H.M., Shahid, H.: Performance evaluation of hybrid optical amplifiers for a 100 × 10 Gbps DWDM system with ultrasmall channel spacing. Optik 200, 163404 (2020)
Optisystem version 16, Optical communication system design software, Optiwave, Canada
Padwal, S.N., Chattopaddhyay, M.: Performance analysis of hybrid optical amplifier in C and L band over EDFA and RFA. Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron. Commun. Eng 2, 40–44 (2013)
Qayoom, T., Qazi, G.: A comparative study and radial performance evaluation for reflective EDFA configurations with optimized intrinsic parameter sets. Optik 178, 623–635 (2019)
Rodas, P. E., Coronel, E. J.: Simulation and analysis of a gain flat filter GFF for the correction of gain fluctuations produced by an EDFA amplifier for a WDM system. In: 2015 CHILEAN conference on electrical, electronics engineering, information and communication technologies, CHILECON, pp. 319–322. IEEE, (2015)
Ryu, U., Oh, K., Shin, W., Paek, U.C.: Inherent enhancement of gain flatness and achievement of broad gain bandwidth in erbium-doped silica fiber amplifiers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38(2), 149–161 (2002)
Singh, S., Kaler, R.S.: Investigation of hybrid optical amplifiers for dense wavelength division multiplexed system with reduced spacings at higher bit rates. Fiber Integr. Opt. 31(3), 208–220 (2012a)
Singh, S., Kaler, R.S.: Flat-gain L-band Raman-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(3), 250–252 (2012b)
Singh, S., Kaler, R.S.: Multistage gain-flattened hybrid optical amplifier at reduced wavelength spacing. Optik 125(18), 5357–5359 (2014a)
Singh, S., Kaler, R.S.: Optimizing the net gain of a Raman-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier using a genetic algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Korea 18(5), 442–448 (2014b)
Yang, J., Meng, X., Liu, C., Liu, C.: Gain-flattened two-stage L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier by weak gain-clamped technique. Opt. Eng. 54(3), 036107 (2015)
Yang, J., Meng, X., Liu, C.: Accurately control and flatten gain spectrum of L-band erbium doped fiber amplifier based on suitable gain-clamping. Opt. Laser Technol. 78, 74–78 (2016)
Yu, A., O’Mahony, M.J.: Design and modeling of laser-controlled erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 3(4), 1013–1018 (1997)
Zhu, L., He, W., Zhang, Y., Luo, F., Dong, M.: A high flattening C+ L band broadband source based on single pump and the same erbium-doped fiber. Optik 125(17), 4659–4662 (2014)
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Amin, I., Qazi, G. RFA pump-initiated gain augmented spectrum linearization of ASE re-injected EDFA-RFA hybrid amplifier for ultra-dense WDM systems. Opt Quant Electron 54, 446 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03846-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03846-x