Abstract
Underwater visible light communication (UVLC) transmission systems have garnered significant attraction in comparison to their radio-frequency and acoustic counterparts due to their inherit merit of significantly higher channel bandwidth. We propose the modelling of a novel spectrum sliced-wavelength-division multiplexed UVLC transmission system. In the proposed work, a single 532 nm blue-green laser diode is spectrum sliced into 4 distinct wavelengths by employing a 1 \(\times\) 4 de-multiplexer, where each wavelength transmits independent 10 Gbit/s binary data through the underwater channel. At the receiver terminal, independent signals are retrieved and the performance is investigated using bit-error rate, eye diagrams and quality factor (Q Factor) with increasing underwater transmission range. Furthermore, the system’s performance is compared for non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ), and alternative mark inverted modulation techniques under water turbulent conditions including coastal ocean, pure sea, and clear ocean, and beam divergence. The reported results demonstrate superior NRZ modulation scheme performance and a reliable 40 Gbit/s transmission along 260m–60 m depending on the type of water turbulence.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No data sets were generated or analyzed in the present study.
Code availability
Present work was done using Optisystem tool.
References
Al-Kinani, A., Wang, C.X., Zhou, L., Zhang, W.: Optical wireless communication channel measurements and models. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 20, 1939–1962 (2018)
Cochenour, B., Mullen, L., Laux, A.: Phase coherent digital communications for wireless optical links in turbid underwater environments. In: OCEANS 2007, Aberdeen Scotland UK, 18–21 June 2007 (2007)
Doniec, M., Vasilescu, I., Mandar, C., Detweiler, C., Hoffmann-Kuhnt, M., Rus, D.: AquaOptical: a lightweight device for high-rate long-range underwater point-to-point communication. Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 44(4), 55–65 (2009)
Doniec, M., Detweiler, C., Vasilescu, I., Rus, D.: Using optical communication for remote underwater robot operation. In: 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Taipei Taiwan, 18–22 October 2010, pp. 4017–4022 (2010)
Doniec, M., Xu, A., Rus, D.: Robust real-time underwater digital video streaming using optical communication. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Karlsruhe, Germany, 6–10 May (2013)
Elamassie, M., Karbalayghareh, M., Miramirkhani, F., Uysal, M.: Adaptive DCO-OFDM for underwater visible light communications. In: 2019 27th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU.2019.8806323
Elsayed, E.E., Yousif, B.B., Singh, M.: Performance enhancement of hybrid fiber wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network FSO systems using M-ary DPPM techniques under interchannel crosstalk and atmospheric turbulence. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 116 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03485-8
Farr, N. et al.: Optical modem technology for seafloor observatories. In: Proceedings of Ocean 2005 MTS/IEEE, pp. 1–7 (2006)
Farr, N., Ware, J., Pontbriand, C., Hammar, T., Tivey, M.: Optical communication system expands cork seafloor observatory’s bandwidth. In: OCEANS 2010, Sydney Australia, 24–27 May 2010 (2010)
Gabriel, C., Khalighi, M.A., Bourennane, S., Leon, P., Rigaud, V.: Monte-Carlo-based channel characterization for underwater optical communication systems. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 5(1), 1–12 (2013)
Gupta, S.K.: Spectral transmission studies of ocean water under different sea conditions. Def. Sci. J. 34(1), 19–28 (1984)
Hanson, F., Radic, S.: High bandwidth underwater optical communication. Appl. Opt. 47(2), 277–283 (2008)
Kaushal, H., Kaddoum, G.: Underwater opticalwireless communication. IEEE Access 4, 1518–1547 (2016)
Malathy, S., Singh, M., Malhotra, J., et al.: Modeling and performance investigation of 4 × 20 Gbps underwater optical wireless communication link incorporating space division multiplexing of Hermite Gaussian modes. Opt Quant Electron 52, 1–18 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02380-y
Ochi, H., Watanabe, Y., Shimura, T.: Basic study of underwater acoustic communication using 32-quadrature amplitude modulation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(6B), 4689–4693 (2005)
Pelekanakis, C., Stojanovic, M., Freitag, L.: High rate acoustic link for underwater video transmission, vol. 2, pp. 1091–1097 (2008)
Pontbriand, C., Farr, N., Ware, J., Preisig, J., Popenoe, H.: Diffuse high-bandwidth optical communications. OCEANS. 2008, pp. 1–4 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2008.5151977
Rehman, S.U., Ullah, S., Chong, P.H.J., Yongchareon, S., Komosny, D.: Visible light communication: a system perspective—overview and challenges. Sensors 19, 1153 (2019)
Santos, R., Orozco, J., Micheletto, M., Ochoa, S., Meseguer, R., Millan, P., Molina, C.: Real-time communication support for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Sensors 17, 1629 (2017)
Singh, M.: Enhanced performance analysis of inter-aircraft optical wireless communication link (IaOWC) using EDFA pre-amplifier. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 97, 4199–4209 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4720-3
Singh, M., Malhotra, J.: 4×20Gbit/s-40GHzOFDM based radio over FSO transmission link incorporating hybrid wavelength division multiplexing-mode division multiplexing of LG and HG modes with enhanced detection. In: Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials—Rapid Communications, vol. 14, 5–6 May to June 2020a, pp. 233–243 (2020a)
Singh, M., Malhotra, J.: 40Gbit/s-80GHz hybrid MDM-OFDM-multibeam based RoFSO transmission link under the effect of adverse weather conditions with enhanced detection. In: Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials—Rapid Communications, vol. 14, 3–4 March to April 2020c, pp. 146–153 (2020b)
Singh, M., Malhotra, J.: Performance comparison of 2 × 20 Gbit/s-40 GHz OFDM based RoFSO transmission link incorporating MDM of Hermite Gaussian modes using different modulation schemes. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 110, 699–711 (2020c). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06750-y
Singh, M., Malhotra, J.: A high-capacity single-channel MDM-OFDM-IsOWC transmission link with improved detection. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 123, 1987–2010 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09225-1
Singh, M., Singh, M.L., Singh, G., et al.: Modeling and performance evaluation of underwater wireless optical communication system in the presence of different sized air bubbles. Opt. Quant. Electron. 52, 1–15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02638-5
Singh, M., Singh, M.L., Singh, G., Gill, H.S.: Statistical channel model for underwater wireless optical communication system under a wide range of air bubble populations. Opt. Eng. 60(3), 036111 (2021a)
Singh, M., Singh, M.L., Singh, G., Kaur, H., Priyanka, K.S.: Real-time image transmission through underwater wireless optical communication link for Internet of Underwater Things. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 34(16), e4951 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4951
Singh, M., Grover, A., Kumari, M., Sheetal, A., Sharma, R., Malhotra, J.: A hybrid wavelength-mode division multiplexing-based inter-satellite optical wireless communication link. In: Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials—Rapid Communications, vol. 15, 9–10 September-October 2021, pp. 448–458 (2021c)
Singh, K., Chebaane, S., Ben Khalifa, S., et al.: Investigations on mode-division multiplexed free-space optical transmission for inter-satellite communication link. Wirel. Netw. 28, 1003–1016 (2022a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-022-02894-1
Singh, M., Singh, M.L., Singh, R.: Performance enhancement of 112 Gbps UWOC link by mitigating the air bubbles induced turbulence with coherent detection MIMO DP-16QAM and advanced digital signal processing. Optik 259, 168986 (2022b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168986
Snow, J.B. et al.: Underwater propagation of high-data- rate laser communications pulses. In: Ocean Optics XI, 1992, vol. 1750, December 1992, pp. 419–427 (1992)
Song, H.C., Hodgkiss, W.S.: Efficient use of bandwidth for underwater acoustic communication. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134(2), 905–908 (2013)
Song, A., Stojanovic, M., Chitre, M.: Editorial underwater acoustic communications: where we stand and what is next? IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 44(1), 1–6 (2019)
Stojanovic, M.: Recent advances in high-speed underwater acoustic communications. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 21(2), 125–136 (1996)
Tian, P., Liu, X., Yi, S., Huang, Y., Zhang, S., Zhou, X., Laigui, Hu., Zheng, L., Liu, R.: High-speed underwater optical wireless communication using a blue GaN-based micro-LED. Opt. Express 25, 1193–1201 (2017)
Tokgoz, S.C., Boluda-Ruiz, R., Yarkan, S., Qaraqe, K.A.: ACO-OFDM transmission over underwater pipeline for VLC-based systems. In: 2019 IEEE 30th Annual International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2019.8904379
Urick, R.J.: Principles of Underwater Sound, Peninsula Pub (1983)
Vasilescu, I., Kotay, K., Rus, D., Dunbabin, M., Corke, P.: Data collection, storage, and retrieval with an underwater sensor network. In: ACM Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), San Diego California USA, 2–4 November 2005, pp. 154–165 (2005)
Zielinski, A., Young-Hoon Yoon, Y.H., Lixue Wu, L.: Performance analysis of digital acoustic communication in a shallow water channel. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 20(4), 293–299 (1995)
Funding
No funding was received for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
M, J., Gauni, S. Investigations on spectrum sliced-wavelength-division multiplexed visible light communication transmission for underwater links under varying turbulent conditions. Opt Quant Electron 54, 487 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03841-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03841-2