Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improving the performance of organic lead–tin laminated perovskite solar cells from the perspective of device simulation

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The toxic lead in traditional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) poses a fatal threat to the environment, and it takes time and technology to complete the transition to lead-free perovskite solar cells. In this work, we introduce a lead–tin laminated perovskite solar cell, which can obviously reduce the toxicity of lead. Our ultimate goal is to study the factors that affect the performance of the device. On the basis of reducing the lead-based perovskite layer, use SACPS-1D (solar cell capacitor simulator) to optimize the parameters to maximize the performance of the entire device. Adjusting the physical parameters, we got the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.59% and 6.14% for single-cell lead-based and single-cell tin-based perovskite solar cells respectively, which are close to the experimental results. The simulation results show that under the laminated structure, the thickness of the two perovskite absorber materials based on lead and tin has a certain influence on the performance of the device. After optimization, it is determined that the best thicknesses of lead-based absorption layer (LBA) and tin-based absorption layer (TBA) are 20 nm and 150 nm respectively. Optimize the doping concentration of acceptor and donor of the laminated perovskite absorber layer to obtain higher PCE and open circuit voltage (VOC). The best values are 1015 cm−3 and 1016 cm−3 for LBA and TBA respectively. We also found that when adjusting the positions of LBA and TBA, the recombination rate under different defect densities verified that the laminated absorption layer close to the light source side dominates the device performance. Provide reference for future optimization of laminated perovskite solar cells. Considering these factors comprehensively, we optimized the device performance parameters as follows: VOC = 0.93 V, JSC = 19.56 mA/cm2, FF = 71.12% and PCE = 12.89%.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig.1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdelaziz, W.S., Zekry, A., Shaker, A., Abouelatta, M.: Numerical study of organic graded bulk heterojunction solar cell using SCAPS simulation. Sol. Energy 211, 375–382 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi, M., Wu, T., Hu, B.: A review on organic-Inorganic halide perovskite photodetectors: device engineering and fundamental physics. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605242 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arora, N., Dar, M.I., Hindderhofer, A., Pellet, N., Schreiber, F., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Grätzel, M.: Perovskite solar cells with CuSCN hole extraction layers yield stabilized efficiencies greater than 20%. Science 358, 768–771 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Azri, F., Meftah, A., Sengouga, N., Meftah, A.: Electron and hole transport layers optimization by numerical simulation of a perovskite solar cell. Sol. Energy 181, 372–378 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J.M., Lee, M.M., Hey, A., Snaith, H.: Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1739–1743 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M., Ju, M.G., Garces, H.F., Carl, A.D., Ono, L.K., Hawash, Z., Zhang, Y., Shen, T., Qi, Y., Grimm, R.L., Pacifici, D., Zeng, X.C., Zhou, Y., Padture, N.P.: Highly stable and efficient all-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells with native-oxide passivation. Nat. Commun. 10, 16 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z., Wang, J.J., Ren, Y., Yu, C., Shum, K.: Schottky solar cells based on CsSnI3 thin-films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 093901 (2012).

  • Devi, C., Mehra, R.: Device simulation of lead-free MASnI3 solar cell with CuSbS2 (copper antimony sulfide). J. Mater. Sci. 54, 5615–5624 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, Y., Zou, Y., Song, J., Song, X., Zeng, H.: Recent progress of metal halide perovskite photo detectors. J. Mater. Chem. C. 5, 11369–11394 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du, H., Wang, W., Zhu, J.: Device simulation of lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite solar cells with high efficiency. Chin. Phys. B. 25, 108802 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, F., Stoumpos, C.C., Guo, P., Zhou, N., Marks, T.J., Chang, R.P.H., Kanatzidis, M.G.: Solvent-mediated crystallization of CH3NH3SnI3 films for heterojunction depleted perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 11445–11452 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, F., Su, Z., Jin, F., Yan, X., Wang, L., Zhao, H., Zhu, J., Chu, B., Li, W.: Efficient and stable planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells with an MoO3/PEDOT:PSS hole transporting layer. Nanoscale 7, 9427–9432 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, M., Chen, M., Guo, P., Zhou, H., Deng, J., Yao, Y., Jiang, Y., Gong, J., Dai, Z., Zhou, Y., Qian, F., Chong, X., Feng, J., Schaller, R.D., Zhu, K., Padture, N.P., Zhou, Y.: Sub-1.4 eV bandgap inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability. Nat. Commun. 11, 151 (2020).

  • Jeon, N.J., Noh, J.H., Yang, W.S., Kim, Y.C., Ryu, S., Seo, J., Seok, S.I.: Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature 517, 476–480 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, X., Wang, F., Wei, Q., Li, H., Shang, Y., Zhou, W., Wang, C., Cheng, P., Chen, Q., Chen, L., Ning, Z.: Ultra-high open-circuit voltage of tin perovskite solar cells via an electron transporting layer design. Nat. Commun. 11, 1245 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ke, W., Fang, G., Wan, J., Tao, H., Liu, Q., Xiong, L., Qin, P., Wang, J., Lei, H., Yang, G.: Efficient hole-blocking layer-free planar halide perovskite thin-film solar cells. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–7 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y., Miyasaka, T.: Organometal halide perovskites as visible light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 6050–6051 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, L., Jiang, L., Li, P., Fan, B., Qiu, Y.: A modeled perovskite solar cell structure with a Cu2O hole-transporting layer enabling over 20% efficiency by low-cost low-temperature processing. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 124, 205–211 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Kelly, T.L.: Perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction structure prepared using room-temperature solution processing techniques. Nat. Photon. 8, 133–138 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M., Johnston, M.B., Snaith, H.J.: Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 501, 395–398 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Gangishetty, M.K., Kelly, T.L.: Effect of CH3NH3PbI3 thickness on device efficiency in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2, 19873–19881 (2014b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., Wang, Y., Wu, T., He, X., Meng, X., Barbaud, J., Chen, H., Segawa, H., Yang, X., Han, L.: Efficient and stable tin perovskite solar cells enabled by amorphous-polycrystalline structure. Nat. Commun. 11, 2678 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, F., Zhu, J., Wei, J., Li, Y., Lv, M., Yang, S., Zhang, B., Yao, J., Dai, S.: Numerical simulation: toward the design of high-efficiency planar perovskite solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 253508–253508-4 (2014a).

  • Löper, P., Stuckelberger, M., Niesen, B., Werner, J., Filipic, M., Moon, S., Yum, J., Topic, M., De Wolf, S., Ballif, C.: Complex refractive index spectra of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and pectrophotometry. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 66–67 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchioro, A., Teuscher, J., Friedrich, D., Kunst, M., van de Krol, R., Moehl, T., Gratzel, M., Moser, J.E.: Unravelling the mechanism of photoinduced charge transfer processes in lead iodide perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photon. 8, 250–255 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, X., Wu, T., Liu, X., He, X., Noda, T., Wang, Y., Segawa, H., Han, L.: Highly reproducible and efficient FASnI3 perovskite solar cells fabricated with volatilizable reducing solvent. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 2965–2971 (2020a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, X., Wang, Y., Lin, J., Liu, X., He, X., Barbaud, J., Wu, T., Noda, T., Yang, X., Han, L.: Surface-controlled oriented growth of FASnI3 crystals for efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells. Joule 4, 902–912 (2020b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minemoto, T., Murata, M.: Device modeling of perovskite solar cells based on structural similarity with thin film inorganic semiconductor solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 116, 054505–054505-6 (2014a).

  • Minemoto, T., Murata, M.: Impact of work function of back contact of perovskite solar cells without hole transport material analyzed by device simulation. Curr. Appl. Phys. 14, 1428–1433 (2014b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, K., Kamarudin, M.A., Hirotani, D., Hamada, K., Shen, Q., Iikubo, S., Minemoto, T., Yoshino, K., Hayase, S.: Lead-free tin-halide perovskite solar cells with 13% efficiency. Nano Energy 74, 104858 (2020).

  • Noel, N.K., Stranks, S.D., Abate, A., Wehrenfennig, C., Guarnera, S., Haghighirad, A.A., Sadhanala, A., Eperon, G.E., Pathak, S.K., Johnston, M.B., Petrozza, A.M., Herz, L.M., Snaith, H.J.: Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 3061–3068 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poplavskyy, D., Nelson, J.: Nondispersive hole transport in amorphous films of methoxy-spirofluorene-arylamine organic compound. Appl. Phys. 93, 341–346 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saliba, M., Matsui, T., Seo, J.Y., Domanski, K., Correa-Baena, J.P., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Tress, W., Abate, A., Hagfeldt, A., Gratzel, M.: Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 1989–1997 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, M.: Numerical simulation of highly efficient lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cell. Sol. Energy 208, 399–410 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamate, M.D.: On the dielectric properties of dc magnetron TiO2 thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 218, 318–323 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stranks, S.D., Eperon, G.E., Grancini, G., Menelaou, C., Alcocer, M.J.P., Leijtens, T., Herz, L.M., Petrozza, A., Snaith, H.J.: Electron-hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber. Science 342, 341–344 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Z.-K., Moghaddam, R.S., Lai, M.L., Docampo, P., Higler, R., Deschler, F., Price, M., Sadhanala, A., Pazos, L.M., Credgington, D., Hanusch, F., Bein, T., Snaith, H.J., Friend, R.F.: Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 687–692 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, N., Cheng, L., Ge, R., Zhang, S., Miao, Y., Zou, W., Yi, C., Sun, Y., Gao, Y., Yang, R., Wei, Y., Guo, Q., Ke, Y., Yu, M., Jin, Y., Liu, Y., Ding, Q., Di, D., Yang, L., Xing, G., Tian, H., Jin, C., Gao, F., Friend, R.H., Wang, J., Huang, W.: Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells. Nat. Photon. 10, 699–704 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, J., Shi, J., Li, D., Meng, Q.: Perovskite thin-film solar cell: excitation in photovoltaic science. Sci. China Chem. 58, 221–238 (2015).

  • Xing, G.C., Mathews, N., Sun, S.Y., Lim, S.S., Lam, Y.M., Grätzel, M., Mhaisalkar, S., Sum, T.C.: Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3. Science 342, 344–347 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, G., Mathews, N., Lim, S.S., Yantara, N., Liu, X., Sabba, D., Grätzel, M., Mhaisalkar, S., Sun, T.C.: Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing. Nat. Mater. 13, 476–480 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J., Yin, J., Xiao, L., Zhang, B., Yao, J., Dai, S.: Bromide regulated film formation of CH3NH3PbI3 in low-pressure vapor-assisted deposition for efficient planar-heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 157, 1026–1037 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, W.S., Noh, J.H., Jeon, N.J., Kim, Y.C., Ryu, S., Seo, J., Seok, S.I.: High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange. Science 348, 1234–1237 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, W.S., Park, B.-W., Jung, E.H., Jeon, N.J., Kim, Y.C., Lee, D.U., Shin, S.S., Seo, J., Kim, E.K., Noh, J.H., Seok, S.I.: Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide-based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells. Science 356, 1376–1379 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zekry, A., Shaker, A., Salem, M.: Chapter 1—solar cells and arrays: principles, analysis and design. Adv. Renew. Energies Power Technol. 1, 3–56 (2018).

  • Zhou, H., Chen, Q., Li, G., Luo, S., Song, T.B., Duan, H.S., Hong, Z., You, J., Liu, Y., Yang, Y.: Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 345, 542–546 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was partially sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52076126), and Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (20DZ1205207).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, No. 2103 Pinglinang Road, Shanghai, 200090, People’s Republic of China

    Liangsheng Hao, Xuefei Wu, Xinxia Ma, Zhuoxiong Zeng, Jiang Wu & Yihao Liu

  2. China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Lingang, Shanghai, 201206, People’s Republic of China

    Huaning Wang

  3. Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd, Suzhou Branch, Suzhou, 215153, People’s Republic of China

    Yubao Song

  4. College of Mathematics and Physics, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, People’s Republic of China

    Yuting Tao & Zhongyu Wang

Authors
  1. Liangsheng Hao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xuefei Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Huaning Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yubao Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xinxia Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhuoxiong Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jiang Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yuting Tao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Zhongyu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Yihao Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiang Wu.

Ethics declarations

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Liangsheng Hao and Xuefei Wu contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hao, L., Wu, X., Wang, H. et al. Improving the performance of organic lead–tin laminated perovskite solar cells from the perspective of device simulation. Opt Quant Electron 54, 240 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03621-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03621-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation