Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Proposal of PPM-RZ-mQAM scheme for suppressing nonlinear phase noise in high spectral ultra-DWDM system

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we propose combining a return-to-zero (RZ)-m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (mQAM) with pulse position modulation (PPM) in ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) system for increasing the transmission capacity and reducing nonlinear phase noise(NPN). The proposed transmission scheme has a four-dimensional optical signal space with amplitude, phase, time, and wavelength dimensions, which has better sensitivity than conventional modulation scheme. In our scheme, firstly, each channel is optically modulated by mQAM modulator and subsequently coded with RZ and PPM formats. The envelope of resulting pulses has a sinc-like shape. The performance of the PPM-RZ-mQAM UDWDM system is numerically investigated and compared to the performance of the mQAM UDWDM scheme. The results indicate that both spectral efficiency and signal quality are elevated in the PPM-RZ-4QAM and PPM-RZ-16QAM UDWDM systems. The propagation distance of proposed scheme is lengthened by 55% compared with the 4QAM UDWDM scheme, for bit error rate (BER) of 1 × 10–3. Additionally, to achieve BER of 1 × 10–3, optical signal-to-noise ratios(OSNRs) are lowered by 2.6 dB and 4 dB, respectively; for PPM-RZ-4QAM and PPM-RZ-16QAM schemes in opposition to conventional systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

References

  • Abdulzahrah, A.S., Hmood, J.K.: Performance analysis of all-optical PPM-mQAM communication systems. J. Phys. Conf. Series. 1, 012067 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M., Abass, A., Abd Al-Hussein, S.A.: 32 Channel× 40 Gb/s WDM optical communication system utilizing different configurations of hybrid fiber amplifier. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51(6), 1–8 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedikovič, D., Litvík, J., Kuba, M., Dado, M., Dubovan, J.: Influence of nonlinear effects in WDM system with non-equidistant channel spacing using different types of high-order PSK and QAM modulation formats. In: Optical Modelling and Design II 2012, p. 84290M. International Society for Optics and Photonics

  • Cai, J.-X., Nissov, M., Davidson, C.R., Pilipetskii, A.N., Mohs, G., Li, H., Cai, Y., Golovchenko, E.A., Lucero, A.J., Foursa, D.G.: Long-haul 40 Gb/s DWDM transmission with aggregate capacities exceeding 1 Tb/s. J. Lightwave Technol. 20(12), 2247 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Herrera, D., Gutierrez-Castrejon, R., Alvarez-Chavez, J.: Stimulated Raman scattering and four-wave mixing effects on crosstalk of multicore fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(1), 63–66 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, P.S., Grigoryan, V.S., Godin, Y.A., Salamon, A., Achiam, Y.: Transmission of 25-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK signals with 25-GHz channel spacing over 1000 km of SMF-28 fiber. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15(3), 473–475 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, P.S., Harston, G., Kerr, C.J., Greenblatt, A., Kaplan, A., Achiam, Y., Levy-Yurista, G., Margalit, M., Gross, Y., Khurgin, J.B.: Investigation of 2-b/s/Hz 40-gb/s DWDM transmission over 4/spl times/100 km SMF-28 fiber using RZ-DQPSK and polarization multiplexing. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16(2), 656–658 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Du, L.B., Morshed, M.M., Lowery, A.J.: Fiber nonlinearity compensation for OFDM super-channels using optical phase conjugation. Opt. Express 20(18), 19921–19927 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A., Le, S., McCarthy, M., Turitsyn, S.: The impact of parametric noise amplification on long haul transmission throughput. In: 2015 17th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) 2015, pp. 1–4. IEEE

  • Eriksson, T.A., Johannisson, P., Puttnam, B.J., Agrell, E., Andrekson, P.A., Karlsson, M.: $ K $-over-$ L $ multidimensional position modulation. J. Lightwave Technol. 32(12), 2254–2262 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Erkılınç, M.S., Li, Z., Pachnicke, S., Griesser, H., Thomsen, B.C., Bayvel, P., Killey, R.I.: Spectrally efficient WDM Nyquist pulse-shaped 16-QAM subcarrier modulation transmission with direct detection. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(15), 3147–3155 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Escribano, F.J., Wagemakers, A.: Performance analysis of QAM-MPPM in turbulence-free FSO channels: Accurate derivations and practical approximations. IEEE Syst. J. 15, 1753–1763 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Essiambre, R.-J., Tkach, R.W., Ryf, R., Kaminow, I., Li, T., Willner, A.: Fiber nonlinearity and capacity: Single-mode and multimode fibers. In: Optical Fiber Telecommunications VI B. pp. 1–37. Academic Press, (2013)

  • Ferrari, A., Napoli, A., Costa, N., Fischer, J.K., Pedro, J., Forysiak, W., Richter, A., Pincemin, E., Curri, V.: Multi-band optical systems to enable ultra-high speed transmissions. In: The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2019, p. ci_2_3. Optical Society of America

  • Ghosh, C., Priye, V.: Suppression of four-wave mixing in a 22× 10 Gbps dense wavelength division multiplexed system by linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51(1), 1–14 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamed, E.K., Munshid, M.A., Hmood, J.K.: Performance analysis of mode division multiplexing system in presence of nonlinear phase noise. Opt. Fiber Technol. 57, 102230 (2020a)

  • Hamed, E.K., Hmood, J.K., Munshid, M.A.: Analysis and simulation of reducing nonlinear interaction by shaping envelopes of transmitted signals in mode-division multiplexing systems. Opt. Eng. 59(5), 056105 (2020b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayee, M., Willner, A.: NRZ versus RZ in 10–40-Gb/s dispersion-managed WDM transmission systems. Photon. Technol. Lett. IEEE 11(8), 991–993 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillerkuss, D., Schmogrow, R., Schellinger, T., Jordan, M., Winter, M., Huber, G., Vallaitis, T., Bonk, R., Kleinow, P., Frey, F.: 26 Tbit s− 1 line-rate super-channel transmission utilizing all-optical fast Fourier transform processing. Nat. Photonics 5(6), 364–371 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hmood, J.K., Noordin, K.A., Arof, H., Harun, S.W.: Peak-to-average power ratio reduction in all-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system using rotated constellation approach. Opt. Fiber Technol. 25, 88–93 (2015a)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hmood, J.K., Harun, S.W., Emami, S.D., Khodaei, A., Noordin, K.A., Ahmad, H., Shalaby, H.M.: Performance analysis of an all-optical OFDM system in presence of non-linear phase noise. Opt. Express 23(4), 3886–3900 (2015b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hmood, J.K., Emami, S.D., Noordin, K.A., Ahmad, H., Harun, S.W., Shalaby, H.M.: Optical frequency comb generation based on chirping of Mach-Zehnder Modulators. Opt Commun 344, 139–146 (2015c)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hmood, J.K., Noordin, K.A., Ahmad, H., Harun, S.W.: Performance improvement of all-optical OFDM systems based on combining RZ coding with m-array QAM. J. Optoelectron. Adv. M. 17(1–2), 33–38 (2015d)

  • Husain, S.S., Hmood, J.K.: Performance enhancement of PCTWs technique by employing RZ-coding in phase-modulated optical communication systems. In: AIP Conference Proceedings 2020, vol. 1, p. 020094. AIP Publishing LLC

  • Igarashi, K., Tsuritani, T., Morita, I., Suzuki, M.: Ultra-long-haul high-capacity super-Nyquist-WDM transmission experiment using multi-core fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(5), 1027–1036 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, M., Agrell, E.: Four-dimensional optimized constellations for coherent optical transmission systems. In: 36th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication 2010, pp. 1–6. IEEE

  • Kaur, R.: Estimation of four wave mixing effect in pre-, post-and in-line configuration of EDFA using advanced modulation formats for 1.28 Tbps WDM system. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(4), 1–11 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khallaf, H.S., Shalaby, H.M., Garrido-Balsells, J.M., Sampei, S.: Performance analysis of a hybrid QAM-MPPM technique over turbulence-free and gamma–gamma free-space optical channels. J. Opt Commun. Netw. 9(2), 161–171 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khallaf, H.S., Elfiqi, A.E., Shalaby, H.M., Sampei, S., Obayya, S.S.: On the performance evaluation of LQAM-MPPM techniques over exponentiated Weibull fading free-space optical channels. Opt. Commun. 416, 41–49 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong, M., Wang, K., Ding, J., Zhang, J., Li, W., Shi, J., Wang, F., Zhao, L., Liu, C., Wang, Y.: 640-Gbps/carrier WDM transmission over 6,400 km based on PS-16QAM at 106 Gbaud employing advanced DSP. J. Lightwave Technol. 39(1), 55–63 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Zhang, F., Zhu, Y., Jiang, M., Chen, Z., Yang, C.: Fiber nonlinearity mitigation in single carrier 400 G and 800 G Nyquist-WDM systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 36(17), 3707–3715 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., Erkilinc, M., Maher, R., Galdino, L., Shi, K., Thomsen, B., Bayvel, B., Killey, R.: Reach enhancement for WDM direct-detection subcarrier modulation using low-complexity two-stage signal-signal beat interference cancellation. In: ECOC 2016; 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication 2016, pp. 1–3. VDE

  • Liu, X., Chandrasekhar, S., Wood, T., Tkach, R., Winzer, P., Burrows, E., Chraplyvy, A.: M-ary pulse-position modulation and frequency-shift keying with additional polarization/phase modulation for high-sensitivity optical transmission. Opt. Express 19(26), B868–B881 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirnia, S.E., Zarei, A., Emami, S.D., Harun, S.W., Arof, H., Ahmad, H., Shalaby, H.M.: Proposal and performance evaluation of an efficient RZ-DQPSK modulation scheme in all-optical OFDM transmission systems. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 5(9), 932–944 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, T., Takara, H., Shibahara, K., Sano, A., Miyamoto, Y.: Dense space division multiplexed transmission over multicore and multimode fiber for long-haul transport systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 34(6), 1484–1493 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R.B., Kothari, D.K.: Design and evaluation of 2.3 Tb/s (23 ch.× 100 Gb/s) multi-carrier WDM optical transmission systems. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(4), 1–13 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfau, T., Hoffmann, S., Adamczyk, O., Peveling, R., Herath, V., Porrmann, M., Noé, R.: Coherent optical communication: Towards realtime systems at 40 Gbit/s and beyond. Opt. Express 16(2), 866–872 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilori, D., Nespola, A., Forghieri, F., Bosco, G.: Non-linear phase noise mitigation over systems using constellation shaping. J. Lightwave Technol. 37(14), 3475–3482 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Radhi, S.S., Hmood, J.K., Harun, S.W.: Performance analysis of WDM-SDM system with employing Phase-Conjugated twin waves technique. Mater Today: Proc. 42, 2490–2496 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafique, D., Ellis, A.D.: Impact of signal-ASE four-wave mixing on the effectiveness of digital back-propagation in 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK systems. Opt. Express 19(4), 3449–3454 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M., Islam, M.: Effect of chromatic dispersion on four-wave mixing in WDM optical transmission system. J. Media Commun. Stud. 3(12), 323–330 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranzini, S.M., Parahyba, V.E., Júnior, J.H.d.C., Guiomar, F., Carena, A.: Impact of nonlinear effects and mitigation on coherent optical systems. In: Optical Communications. pp. 93–120. Springer, (2019)

  • Raybon, G., Adamiecki, A., Winzer, P.J., Randel, S., Salamanca, L., Konczykowska, A., Jorge, F., Dupuy, J.-Y., Buhl, L.L., Chandrashekhar, S.: High symbol rate coherent optical transmission systems: 80 and 107 Gbaud. J. Lightwave Technol. 32(4), 824–831 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, J.D., Neves, D.M., Teixeira, A.L.: Analysis of nonlinearities on coherent ultradense WDM-PONs using Volterra series. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(2), 234–241 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachan, S., Sharma, D., Prajapati, Y.K., Tripathi, R.: Independent and mixed transmission of 166.5 Gb/s PM-8QAM and 222 Gb/s PM-16QAM Nyquist-wavelength division multiplexed superchannel for long-haul metro network. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 34(7), e4735 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo, P.K., Prajapati, Y.K., Tripathi, R.: Performance analysis of pulse position modulation-based hybrid technique for cellular backhaul free-space optical link. Optical Engineering 58(1), 016119 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Šajgalíková, J., Litvik, J., Dado, M.: Simulation of FWM effects in WDM systems with various modulation formats. In: 2016 ELEKTRO 2016, pp. 92–95. IEEE

  • Sharma, D., Prajapati, Y.K., Tripathi, R.: 0.55 Tb/s heterogeneous Nyquist-WDM superchannel using different polarization multiplexed subcarriers. Photon. Netw. Commun. 39(2), 120–128 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, N., Agrawal, S., Kapoor, V.: Estimation of frequency offset prior to adaptive equalization for improved performance of DP-QPSK DWDM system. Opt Fiber Technol 55, 102132 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, V., Kaur, R.: Implementation of DWDM system in the presence of four wave mixing (FWM) under the impact of channel spacing. Optik-Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124(17), 3112–3114 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shibahara, K., Mizuno, T., Kawakami, H., Kobayashi, T., Nakamura, M., Shikama, K., Nakajima, K., Miyamoto, Y.: Full C-band 3060-km DMD-unmanaged 3-mode transmission with 40.2-Tb/s capacity using cyclic mode permutation. J. Lightwave Technol. 38(2), 514–521 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Singh, N.: Nonlinear effects in optical fibers: origin, management and applications. Prog Electromagn. Res. 73, 249–275 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Singh, S., Ngo, Q.M., Mohammadi, A.M.: 340-Gb/s PolSK-DP-DQPSK optical orthogonal modulation format with coherent direct detection for high capacity WDM optical network. Opt. Fiber Technol. 52, 101936 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar, P., Boopathi, C., Sumithra, M., Singh, M., Malhotra, J., Grover, A.: Ultra-high capacity long-haul PDM-16-QAM-based WDM-FSO transmission system using coherent detection and digital signal processing. Opt. Quant. Electron. 52(11), 1–18 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souza, A.L., Júnior, J.H.d.C.: High-Order Modulation Formats for Future Optical Communication Systems. In: Optical Communications. pp. 121–142. Springer, (2019)

  • Tian, B., Zhang, Q., Ma, J., Tao, Y., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Zhou, W., Zhao, Y., Pan, X.: Proposal and performance analysis on the PDM microwave photonic link for the mm-wave signal with hybrid QAM-MPPM-RZ modulation. Optics Communications 419, 59–66 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Zhang, M., Cai, Z., Cui, Y., Li, Z., Han, H., Fu, M., Luo, B.: Combatting nonlinear phase noise in coherent optical systems with an optimized decision processor based on machine learning. Optics Communications 369, 199–208 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, H.-G., Ludwig, R.: Ultra-high-speed OTDM transmission technology. Optical Fiber Telecommunications VB, 201–232 (2008)

  • Wu, M., Way, W.I.: Fiber nonlinearity limitations in ultra-dense WDM systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 22(6), 1483 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, T., Liga, G., Bayvel, P.: High-order modulation formats, constellation design, and digital signal processing for high-speed transmission systems. In: Optical Fiber Telecommunications VII. pp. 371–418. Elsevier, (2020)

  • Yao, H., Ni, X., Chen, C., Li, B., Feng, X., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Tong, S., Jiang, H.: Performance analysis of MPSK FSO communication based on the balanced detector in a fiber-coupling system. IEEE Access 7, 84197–84208 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Z., Lv, X., Zhang, F., Wang, D., Sun, E., Zhu, Y., Zou, K., Chen, Z.: Fiber nonlinearity mitigation in 32-Gbaud 16QAM Nyquist-WDM systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 34(9), 2182–2187 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X., Kumar, S.: Nonlinear phase noise in coherent optical OFDM transmission systems. Opt. Express 18(7), 7347–7360 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the staff of the Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Departments, University of Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, 10066, Iraq

    Abbas Sattar Abdulzahrah & Jassim K. Hmood

Authors
  1. Abbas Sattar Abdulzahrah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jassim K. Hmood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ASA: Formal analysis and investigation, Writing-original draft. JKH: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-review & editing, Supervision, Resources.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jassim K. Hmood.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abdulzahrah, A.S., Hmood, J.K. Proposal of PPM-RZ-mQAM scheme for suppressing nonlinear phase noise in high spectral ultra-DWDM system. Opt Quant Electron 54, 45 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03418-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03418-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation