Abstract
In this paper, the simultaneous impact of interference and aggregated hardware impairments on the performance of mixed radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) relaying systems is studied. The relay node is assumed to operate in decode-and-forward (DF) mode and the statistics of RF fading along with co-channel interferers have been modeled using the Nakagami-m distribution. The FSO link is affected by turbulence and pointing error fading which has been modeled using the Malaga distribution. For the considered system model, the closed-form analytical expressions have been derived for outage probability and ergodic capacity. The exact results have been further simplified using the high signal-to-noise ratio approximations to derive the asymptotic representations for the same. Finally, numerical and simulation results have been demonstrated to showcase the important findings of the research work to illustrate the impact of hardware impairment and interference on the mixed RF/FSO DF relaying system.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Agustin, A., Vidal, J.: Amplify-and-forward cooperation under interference-limited spatial reuse of the relay slot. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 7(5), 1952–1962 (2008)
AlQuwaiee, H., Ansari, I.S., Alouini, M.-S.: On the performance of free-space optical communication systems over Double Generalized Gamma channel. IEEE J. Selec. Areas Commun. 33(9), 1829–1840 (2015)
Ansari, I.S., Yilmaz, F., Alouini, M.-S.: Impact of pointing errors on the performance of mixed RF/FSO dual-hop transmission systems. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 2(3), 351–354 (2013)
Ansari, I.S., Yilmaz, F., Alouini, M.S.: Performance analysis of free-space optical links over \( {\cal{M}}\acute{a}\)laga (\( \cal{M}\)) turbulence channels with pointing errors. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 15(1), 91–102 (2016)
Balti, E., Guizani, M., Hamdaoui, B., Khalfi, B.: Mixed RF/FSO relaying systems with hardware impairments. In: GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference. pp. 1–6 (2017)
Balti, E., Guizani, M., Hamdaoui, B., Maalej, Y.: Partial relay selection for hybrid RF/FSO systems with hardware impairments. IEEE Glob. Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM) 2016, 1–6 (2016)
Balti, E., Guizani, M., Hamdaoui, B., Khalfi, B.: Aggregate hardware impairments over mixed RF/FSO relaying systems with outdated CSI. IEEE Trans. Commun. 66(3), 1110–1123 (2018)
Bjornson, E., Matthaiou, M., Debbah, M.: A new look at dual-hop relaying: Performance limits with hardware impairments. IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(11), 4512–4525 (2013)
Bjornson, E., Zetterberg, P., Bengtsson, M., Ottersten, B.: Capacity limits and multiplexing gains of MIMO channels with transceiver impairments. IEEE Commun. Lett. 17(1), 91–94 (2013)
Costa, D.B.D., Ding, H., Ge, J.: Interference-limited relaying transmissions in dual-hop cooperative networks over Nakagami-m fading. IEEE Commun. Lett. 15(5), 503–505 (2011)
Dahrouj, H., Douik, A., Rayal, F., Al-Naffouri, T.Y., Alouini, M.-S.: Cost-effective hybrid RF/FSO backhaul solution for next generation wireless systems. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 22(5), 98–104 (2015)
Dardari, D., Tralli, V., Vaccari, A.: A theoretical characterization of nonlinear distortion effects in OFDM systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 48(10), 1755–1764 (2000)
Djordjevic, G., Petkovic, M., Cvetkovic, A., Karagiannidis, G.: Mixed RF/FSO relaying with outdated channel state information. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 33(9), 1935–1948 (2015)
Goel, A., Bhatia, R.: Hybrid RF/MIMO-FSO relaying systems over Gamma-Gamma fading channels. In International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication. Springer, Berlin (2020)
Goel, A., Bhatia, R.: On the performance of mixed user diversity-RF/spatial diversity-FSO cooperative relaying AF systems. Opt. Commun. 477 (2020). [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401820307501
Gradshteyn, I.S., Ryzhik, I.M.: Table of Integrals, Series and Products. Academic, New York, NY, USA (2000)
Kilbas, A.: H-transforms: Theory and applications. analytical methods and special functions. Taylor and Francis (2004)
Lee, E., Park, J., Han, D., Yoon, G.: Performance analysis of the asymmetric dual-hop relay transmission with mixed RF/FSO links. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(21), 1642–1644 (2011)
Matthaiou, M., Papadogiannis, A., Bjornson, E., Debbah, M.: Two-way relaying under the presence of relay transceiver hardware impairments. IEEE Commun. Lett. 17(6), 1136–1139 (2013)
Olver, F.W.J., Lozier, D.W., Boisvert, A.C.W.C.R.F.: Nist Handbook of Mathematical Functions, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, New York (2010)
Petkovic, M. I., Cvetkovic, A. M., Djordjevic, G. T., Karagiannidis, G. K.: Outage performance of the mixed RF/FSO relaying channel in the presence of interference. Wirel. Pers Commun., vol. 96. Springer, Berlin (2017)
Prudnikov, A.P., Brychkov, Y.A., Marichev, O.I.: Integrals and Series Volume 3: More Special Functions, 1st edn. Gordon and Breach, New York (1986)
Simon, M.K., Alouini, M.: Digital communication over fading channels. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2000)
Soleimani-Nasab, E., Uysal, M.: Generalized performance analysis of mixed RF/FSO cooperative systems. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 15(1), 714–727 (2016)
Upadhya, A., Dwivedi, V.K., Singh, G.: Multiuser diversity for mixed RF/FSO cooperative relaying in the presence of interference. Opt. Commun. 442, 77–83 (2019)
Upadhya, A., Dwivedi, V.K., Alouini, M.S.: Interference-limited mixed MUD-RF/FSO two-way cooperative networks over double generalized Gamma turbulence channels. IEEE Commun. Lett. 442, 1551–1555 (2019)
Upadhya, A., Dwivedi, V.K., Karagiannidis, G.K.: On the effect of interference and misalignment error in mixed RF/FSO systems over generalized fading channels. IEEE Trans. Commun. 68(6), 3681–3695 (2020)
Wolfram, I.: Wolfram, research, mathematica edition: Version 10.0. champaign. Wolfram Research, Inc. (2010)
Yang, L., Hasna, M.O., Ansari, I.S.: Unified performance analysis for multiuser mixed \(\eta \) - \(\mu \) and \({\cal{M}}\) - distribution dual-hop RF/FSO systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(8), 3601–3613 (2017)
Zedini, E., Ansari, I.S., Alouini, M.-S.: Performance analysis of mixed Nakagami-m and Gamma-Gamma dual-hop FSO transmission systems. IEEE Photonics J. 7(1), 1–20 (2015)
Funding
No funding agency is involved in the research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
Authors confirm that there is no conflicts of interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goel, A., Bhatia, R. Joint impact of interference and hardware impairments on the performance of mixed RF/FSO cooperative relay networks. Opt Quant Electron 53, 530 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03064-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03064-x