Abstract
This paper presents a protocol for a relay configuration of one quantum CubeSat and two quantum drones positioned at distant places over the Earth, where: (a) an entangled pair is generated and distributed by the CubeSat between both drones located over the clouds, (b) each drone descends through the clouds with its respective entangled photon, and (c) each drone generates a new entangled photon pair, conserves one and distributes the other one to Mobile Ground Stations (MGS). These latter photons allow to teleport both CubeSat’s entangled photons to the MGSs. Once on Earth, the CubeSat’s entangled photons constitute a bridge for the teleportation of an arbitrary qubit among the MGSs. In this way, we solve the main problem of all quantum communication between a satellite and the Earth: the weather as well as unfavorable environmental conditions. Finally, this paper evaluates the performance of the protocol, which first teleports the CubeSat’s entangled photons and thanks to these the definitive desired qubit, with implementations on the 16-qubit Melbourne processor of IBM Q Experience, where this evaluation constitutes the first stage of a project that tries to communicate two distant points of the earth at any time regardless of the weather.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The experimental data that support the findings of this study are available in ResearchGate with the identifier https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34836.53121.
References
Audretsch, J.: Entangled Systems: New Directions in Quantum Physics. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim (2007)
Azuma, K., Tamaki, K., Lo, H.-K.: All-photonic quantum repeaters. Nat. Commun. 6, 6787 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7787
Bang, J., Ryu, J., Kaszlikowski, D.: Fidelity deviation in quantum teleportation (2018). arXiv:1801.06115
Bedingtona, R., et al.: Deploying quantum light sources on nanosatellites II: lessons and perspectives on CubeSat spacecraft (2015). arXiv:1508.07074
Bennett, C.H., et al.: Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen channels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895–1899 (1993)
Boone, K., et al.: Entanglement over global distances via quantum repeaters with satellite links. Phys. Rev. A 91(5), 052325 (2015)
Boschi, D., et al.: Experimental realization of teleporting an unknown pure quantum state via dual classical and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen channels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1121–1125 (1998)
Bouwmeester, D., et al.: Experimental quantum teleportation. Nature 390, 575–579 (1997)
Bouwmeester, B.D., et al.: Experimental quantum teleportation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 356, 1733–1737 (1998)
Busch, P., Lahti, P., Pellonpää, J.P., Ylinen, K.: Quantum Measurement. Springer, New York (2016)
Chen, J., et al.: Bidirectional quantum teleportation by using a four-qubit GHZ state and two Bell states. IEEE Access 8, 28925–28933 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2971973
de Riedmatten, H., Marcikic, I., Tittel, W., Zbinden, H., Collins, D., Gisin, N.: Long distance quantum teleportation in a quantum relay configuration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(4), 047904 (2004)
de Riedmatten, H., et al.: Long-distance entanglement swapping with photons from separated sources. Phys. Rev. A 71, 050302 (2005)
Dür, W., Lamprecht, R., Heusler, S.: Towards a quantum internet. Eur. J. Phys. 38, 043001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/aa6df7
Floreano, D., Wood, R.J.: Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature 521, 460–466 (2015)
Furusawa, A., van Loock, P.: Quantum Teleportation and Entanglement: A Hybrid Approach to Optical Quantum Information Processing. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2011)
Gyongyosi, L., Imre, S.: Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum Internet. Quantum Inf. Process. 19, 115 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-020-2605-y
Gyongyosi, L., Imre, S.: Entanglement access control for the quantum Internet (2019a). arXiv:1905.00256
Gyongyosi, L., Imre, S.: Opportunistic entanglement distribution for the quantum Internet (2019b). arXiv:1905.00258
Hasegawa, Y., et al.: Experimental time-reversed adaptive Bell measurement towards all-photonic quantum repeaters. Nat. Commun. 10(378), 1–9 (2019)
Herbsta, T., Scheidl, T., Fink, M., Handsteiner, J., Wittmann, B., Ursin, R., Zeilinger, A.: Teleportation of entanglement over 143 km. PNAS 112(46), 14202–14205 (2015)
Heshami, K., et al.: Quantum memories: emerging applications and recent advances. J. Mod. Opt. 63(20), 2005–2028 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2016.1148212
Hofmann, H.F., Ide, T., Kobayashi, T., Furusawa, A.: Fidelity and information in the quantum teleportation of continuous variables (2000). arXiv:0003053
Horodecki, R., et al.: Quantum entanglement (2007). arXiv:0702225
IBM Q Experience. (2020). https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/. Last accessed 20 July 2020
Iyengar, S.S., Mastriani, M.: Satellite quantum repeaters for a quantum Internet (2020). arXiv:2005.03450
Jaeger, G.: Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. The Frontiers Collection. Springer, Berlin (2009)
Jennewein, T., et al.: Experimental nonlocality proof of quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 017903 (2001)
Jiang, L., Taylor, J.M., Nemoto, K., Munro, W.J., van Meter, R., Lukin, M.D.: Quantum repeater with encoding. Phys. Rev. A 79, 032325 (2009)
Jin, R.-B., et al.: Highly efficient entanglement swapping and teleportation at telecom wavelength. Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015)
Kaye, P., Laflamme, R., Mosca, M.: An Introduction to Quantum Computing. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004)
Kerstel, E., et al.: Nanobob: a CubeSat mission concept for quantum communication experiments in an uplink configuration. EPJ Quantum Technol. 5(1), 6 (2018)
Kimble, H.J.: The quantum internet. Nature 453, 1023–1030 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07127
Kollmitzer, C., Pivk, M. (eds.): Applied Quantum Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 797. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Kumar, V., Michael, N.: Opportunities and challenges with autonomous micro aerial vehicles. Int. J. Robot. Res. 31, 1279–1291 (2012)
Kurucz, Z., Koniorczyk, Z., Janszky, J.: Teleportation with partially entangled states. Fortschr. Phys. 49(10–11), 1019–1025 (2001)
Lee, J., Kim, M.S.: Entanglement teleportation via Werner states. PRL 84(18), 4236–4239 (2000)
Li, Z.-D., et al.: Experimental quantum repeater without quantum memory. Nat. Photonics 13, 644–648 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0468-5
Liao, S.K., et al.: Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution. Nature 549, 43–47 (2017a)
Liao, S., et al.: Long-distance free-space quantum key distribution in daylight towards inter-satellite communication. Nat. Photonics 11, 509–513 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.116
Liao, C., et al.: Bidirectional quantum teleportation controlled by single-qutrit state. Acta Photonica Sin. 26(5), 0527002 (2017c). https://doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20174605.0527002
Liu, H.-Y., et al.: Drone-based all-weather entanglement distribution (2019). arXiv:1905.09527
Lvovsky, A.I., Sanders, B.C., Tittel, W.: Optical quantum memory. Nat. Photonics 3, 706–714 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.231
Neumann, S.P., et al.: Q3Sat: quantum communications uplink to a 3U CubeSat—feasibility & design. EPJ Quantum Technol. 5(1), 4 (2018)
Nielsen, M.A., Chuang, I.L.: Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2004)
Oh, S., Lee, S., Lee, H.W.: Fidelity of quantum teleportation through noisy channels. Phys. Rev. A 66, 022316 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.66.022316
Pan, J.-W., et al.: Experimental entanglement swapping: entangling photons that never interacted. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3891–3894 (1998)
Ren, J., et al.: Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation. Nature 549, 70–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23675
Ruihong, Q., Ying, M.: Research progress of quantum repeaters. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 1237, 052032 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1237/5/052032
Schlosshauer, M.: Decoherence, the measurement problem, and interpretations of quantum mechanics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76(4), 1267–1305 (2005)
Schmid, C., et al.: Quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping with linear optics logic gates. New J. Phys. 11, 033008 (2009)
Shchukin, E., Schmidt, F., van Loock, P.: Waiting time in quantum repeaters with probabilistic entanglement swapping. Phys. Rev. A 100, 032322 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.100.032322
Stolze, J., Suter, D.: Quantum Computing: A Short Course from Theory to Experiment. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2007)
Tsujimoto, Y., et al.: High-fidelity entanglement swapping and generation of three-qubit GHZ state using asynchronous telecom photon pair sources. Sci. Rep. 8, 1446 (2018)
Yang, G., et al.: Bidirectional multi-qubit quantum teleportation in noisy channel aided with weak measurement. Chin. Phys. B 26(4), 040305 (2017)
Zhou, R.-G., et al.: Asymmetric bidirectional controlled teleportation by using nine-qubit entangled state in noisy environment. IEEE Access 7, 75247–75264 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2920094
Żukowski, M., et al.: Event-ready-detectors bell experiment via entanglement swapping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4287–4290 (1993)
Acknowledgements
M.M. thanks to Prof. S.S. Iyengar, Director of the School of Computing and Information Sciences of Florida International University for his help and support.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SSI is responsible for the project’s conceptualization, and management, which concludes in this paper. The effort was planned and supervised by SSI, and co-supervised by LK. SSI ran the research and development team. MM performed the experiment on the IBM Q Experience QPU, and wrote the first version of the paper. SSI, and LK analyzed the results. SSI, and LK reviewed the first version of the paper. SSI, and LK wrote the final version of the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare they has no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mastriani, M., Iyengar, S.S. & Kumar, L. Satellite quantum communication protocol regardless of the weather. Opt Quant Electron 53, 181 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02829-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02829-8