Abstract
Since the theory of quantum mechanics brought about a revolution in physics nearly a century ago, various applications have emerged. In particular, the quantum properties of photons are being studied to provide a solution to some of the challenges faced by existing communication networks, such as security issues and energy efficiency. One of these properties is teleportation, via which information regarding the state of a photon, without its physical motion, can be transmitted across a classical channel. We report, perhaps for the first time, the teleportation of photons across a simulated air–water interface. An entangled pair of photons is generated from a mode-locked laser source, through spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). One of the pair is sent wirelessly to an underwater receiver. Six States of Polarization are teleported sequentially, implementing active feed-forward operation, with the average fidelity of 96.7% surpassing the classical limit. This work is anticipated to lead to the establishment of a quantum communication link between two different media.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Caspani, L. et al.: Integrated sources of photon quantum states based on nonlinear optics. Light: Sci. Appl. 6, 1–12 (2017)
Gaumnitz, T., et al.: Streaking of 43-attosecond soft X-ray pulses generated by a passively CEP-stable mid-infrared driver. Opt. Express 25, 27506–27518 (2017)
Haltrin, V.I.: One-parameter two-term Henyey-Greenstein phase function for light scattering in seawater. Appl. Opt. 41, 1022–1028 (2002)
Hanson, F., Radic, S.: High bandwidth underwater optical communication. Appl. Opt. 47, 277–283 (2008)
Harrow, A.W., Montanaro, A.: Quantum computational supremacy. Nature 549, 203–209 (2017)
Ikonen, J., Salmilehto, J., Mottonen, M.: Energy efficient quantum computing. Npj Quantum Inf. 3, 17 (2017)
Ji, L., et al.: Towards quantum communications in free-space seawater. Opt. Express 25, 19795–19806 (2017)
Kaushal, H., Kaddoum, G.: Underwater optical wireless communication. IEEE Access 4, 1518–1547 (2016)
Kogelnik, H., Nelson, L.E., Gordon, J.P., Jopson, R.M.: Jones matrix for second-order polarization mode dispersion. Opt. Lett. 25, 19–21 (2000)
Kultavewuti, P., et al.: Polarization-entangled photon pair sources based on spontaneous four wave mixing assisted by polarization mode dispersion. Sci. Rep. 7, 5785 (2017)
Kumar, P. et al.: Quantum Information Processing, vol. 3 (Kluwer Academic-Plenum (2004)
Li, Z.H., Zubairy, M.S., Al-Amri, M.: Quantum secure group communication. Sci. Rep. 8, 3899 (2018)
Liao, S.K., et al.: Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution. Nature 549, 43–47 (2017)
Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z.L., Dynes, J.F., Shields, A.J.: Overcoming the rate-distance limit of quantum key distribution without quantum repeaters. Nature 557, 400–403 (2018)
Lv, N., et al.: 15 µm polarization entanglement generation based on birefringence in silicon wire waveguides. Opt. Lett. 38, 2873–2876 (2013)
Ma, X.S., et al.: Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometers using active feed-forward. Nature 489, 269–273 (2012)
Marcikic, I., de Riedmatten, H., Tittel, W., Zbinden, H., Gisin, N.: Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths. Nature 421, 509–513 (2003)
Peng, Y., Qiao, Y., Xiang, T., Chen, X.: Manipulation of the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process in space and frequency domains via wavefront shaping. Opt. Lett. 43, 3985–3988 (2018)
Pirandola, S., Eisert, J., Weedbrook, C., Furusawa, A., Braunstein, S.L.: Advances in quantum teleportation. Nat. Photon. 9, 641–652 (2015)
Ren, J.G., et al.: Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation. Nature 549, 70–73 (2017)
Shapiro, J.H.: The quantum theory of optical communications. IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15, 1547–1569 (2009)
Takesue, H., et al.: Quantum teleportation over 100 km of fiber using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica 2, 832–835 (2015)
Tonolini, F., Adib, F. Networking across boundaries: Enabling wireless communication through the water-air interface. Proc. SIGCOMM’18, Budapest (2018)
Valivarthi, et al.: Quantum teleportation across a metropolitan fiber network. Nat. Photon. 10, 676–680 (2016)
Werner, R. F.: Quantum Information. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, vol. 173 Ch 2, Springer, Berlin (2001)
Xu, P., et al.: Two-hierarchy entanglement swapping for a linear optical quantum repeater. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 170502 (2017)
Yin, J., et al.: Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers. Science 356, 1140–1144 (2017a)
Yin, J., et al.: Satellite-to-ground entanglement-based quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 200501 (2017b)
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Naval Research Board, Defense Research and Development Organization (Grant No. NRB-405/OEP/17–18).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chakravartula, V., Samiappan, D., Kumar, R. et al. Implementation of quantum teleportation of photons across an air – water interface. Opt Quant Electron 52, 332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02449-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02449-8