Abstract
The comparative study on nonlinear absorption of WS2 nanosheets was performed by using nanosecond Z-scan measurements at 532 nm and 500 nm. It was found that, WS2 nanosheets exhibit saturable absorption (SA) at low excitation intensities, and the saturable intensity at 500 nm is much stronger than that at 532 nm, which implies that resonance plays main role. With the increase of incident intensity, a switch from SA to reverse saturable absorption (RSA) occurs. Besides, ultrafast dynamics of WS2 nanosheets were investigated by using femtosecond pump-probe technique. Photo-dynamics process was found to contain a double exponential energy relaxation with a fast decay component (14 ps) and a slow one (145 ps).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beal, A., Knights, J., Liang, W.: Transmission spectra of some transition metal dichalcogenides. II. Group VIA: trigonal prismatic coordination. J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 5(24), 3540–3551(1972)
Bikorimana, S., Lama, P., Walser, A., Dorsinville, R., Anghel, S., Mitioglu, A., Micu, A., Kulyuk, L.: Nonlinear optical responses in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide multilayer: WS2, WSe2, MoS2 and Mo0.5W0.5S2. Opt Express 24(18), 20685–20695 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.020685
Boyd, R.W.: Nonlinear optics. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003)
Butler, S.Z., Hollen, S.M., Cao, L., Cui, Y., Gupta, J.A., Gutiérrez, H.R., Heinz, T.F., Hong, S.S., Huang, J., Ismach, A.F.: Progress, challenges, and opportunities in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano 7(4), 2898–2926 (2013)
Cai, Y., Lan, J., Zhang, G., Zhang, Y.-W.: Lattice vibrational modes and phonon thermal conductivity of monolayer MoS 2. Phys. Rev. B 89(3), 035438 (2014)
Chen, B., Zhang, X., Wu, K., Wang, H., Wang, J., Chen, J.: Q-switched fiber laser based on transition metal dichalcogenides MoS 2, MoSe 2, WS 2, and WSe 2. Opt. Express 23(20), 26723–26737 (2015)
Chhowalla, M., Shin, H.S., Eda, G., Li, L.-J., Loh, K.P., Zhang, H.: The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nature chemistry 5(4), 263–275 (2013)
Coleman, J.N., Lotya, M., O’Neill, A., Bergin, S.D., King, P.J., Khan, U., Young, K., Gaucher, A., De, S., Smith, R.J.: Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 331(6017), 568–571 (2011)
Cunningham, P.D., McCreary, K.M., Jonker, B.T.: Auger recombination in chemical vapor deposition-grown monolayer WS2. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7(24), 5242–5246 (2016)
del Corro, E., Botello-Méndez, A., Gillet, Y., Elias, A.L., Terrones, H., Feng, S., Fantini, C., Rhodes, D., Pradhan, N., Balicas, L.: Atypical exciton–phonon interactions in WS2 and WSe2 monolayers revealed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 16(4), 2363–2368 (2016)
Dong, N., Li, Y., Feng, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Chang, C., Fan, J., Zhang, L., Wang, J.: Optical limiting and theoretical modelling of layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Sci. Rep. 5, 14646 (2015)
Dong, N., Li, Y., Zhang, S., McEvoy, N., Zhang, X., Cui, Y., Zhang, L., Duesberg, G.S., Wang, J.: Dispersion of nonlinear refractive index in layered WS 2 and WSe 2 semiconductor films induced by two-photon absorption. Opt. Lett. 41(17), 3936–3939 (2016)
Eda, G., Maier, S.A.: Two-dimensional crystals: managing light for optoelectronics. ACS Nano 7(7), 5660–5665 (2013)
Fu, X., Qian, J., Qiao, X., Tan, P., Peng, Z.: Nonlinear saturable absorption of vertically stood WS 2 nanoplates. Opt. Lett. 39(22), 6450–6453 (2014)
García-Santamaría, F., Chen, Y., Vela, J., Schaller, R.D., Hollingsworth, J.A., Klimov, V.I.: Suppressed auger recombination in “giant” nanocrystals boosts optical gain performance. Nano Lett. 9(10), 3482–3488 (2009)
Ge, Y., Zhu, Z., Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, S., Liang, Z., Song, Y., Zou, Y., Zeng, H., Xu, S., Zhang, H., Fan, D.: Broadband nonlinear photoresponse of 2D TiS2 for ultrashort pulse generation and all-optical thresholding devices. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6(4), 1701166 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201701166
Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. In: Nanoscience and Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals. pp. 11–19. World Scientific, (2010)
Islam, M.S., Sultana, J., Biabanifard, M., Vafapour, Z., Nine, M.J., Dinovitser, A., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Ng, B.W.H., Abbott, D.: Tunable localized surface plasmon graphene metasurface for multiband superabsorption and terahertz sensing. Carbon 158, 559–567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.026
Jariwala, D., Sangwan, V.K., Lauhon, L.J., Marks, T.J., Hersam, M.C.: Emerging device applications for semiconducting two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. ACS Nano 8(2), 1102–1120 (2014)
Jiang, X., Liu, S., Liang, W., Luo, S., He, Z., Ge, Y., Wang, H., Cao, R., Zhang, F., Wen, Q., Li, J., Bao, Q., Fan, D., Zhang, H.: Broadband Nonlinear Photonics in Few-Layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T = F, O, or OH) (Laser Photonics Rev. 12(2)/2018). Laser Photonics Rev. 12(2), 1870013 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201870013
Jiang, X., Zhang, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., He, Z., Li, W., Zhang, F., Shi, Y., Lü, W., Li, Y., Wen, Q., Li, J., Feng, J., Ruan, S., Zeng, Y.-J., Zhu, X., Lu, Y., Zhang, H.: Ultrathin metal-organic framework: an emerging broadband nonlinear optical material for ultrafast photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6(16), 1800561 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800561
Jiang, T., Yin, K., Wang, C., You, J., Ouyang, H., Miao, R., Zhang, C., Wei, K., Li, H., Chen, H., Zhang, R., Zheng, X., Xu, Z., Cheng, X., Zhang, H.: Ultrafast fiber lasers mode-locked by two-dimensional materials: review and prospect. Photonics Res. 8(1), 78–90 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/prj.8.000078
Lin, Q., Painter, O.J., Agrawal, G.P.: Nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides: modeling and applications. Opt. Express 15(25), 16604–16644 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.016604
Liu, H.-L., Shen, C.-C., Su, S.-H., Hsu, C.-L., Li, M.-Y., Li, L.-J.: Optical properties of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides probed by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(20), 201905 (2014a)
Liu, H., Luo, A.-P., Wang, F.-Z., Tang, R., Liu, M., Luo, Z.-C., Xu, W.-C., Zhao, C.-J., Zhang, H.: Femtosecond pulse erbium-doped fiber laser by a few-layer MoS 2 saturable absorber. Opt. Lett. 39(15), 4591–4594 (2014b)
Long, H., Tao, L., Tang, C.Y., Zhou, B., Zhao, Y., Zeng, L., Yu, S.F., Lau, S.P., Chai, Y., Tsang, Y.H.: Tuning nonlinear optical absorption properties of WS(2) nanosheets. Nanoscale 7(42), 17771–17777 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr04389a
Lu, L., Tang, X., Cao, R., Wu, L., Li, Z., Jing, G., Dong, B., Lu, S., Li, Y., Xiang, Y., Li, J., Fan, D., Zhang, H.: Quantum dots: broadband nonlinear optical response in fewlayer antimonene and antimonene quantum dots: a promising optical kerr media with enhanced stability (Advanced Optical Materials 17/2017). Adv. Opt. Mater.s (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201770084
Lu, L., Liang, Z., Wu, L., Chen, Y., Song, Y., Dhanabalan, S.C., Ponraj, J.S., Dong, B., Xiang, Y., Xing, F., Fan, D., Zhang, H.: Few-layer bismuthene: sonochemical exfoliation, nonlinear optics and applications for ultrafast photonics with enhanced stability (Laser Photonics Rev 12(1)/2018). Laser Photonics Rev. 12(1), 1870012 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201870012
Lu, C., Quan, C., Si, K., Xu, X., He, C., Zhao, Q., Zhan, Y., Xu, X.: Charge transfer in graphene/WS2 enhancing the saturable absorption in mixed heterostructure films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 479, 1161–1168 (2019)
Mai, C., Semenov, Y.G., Barrette, A., Yu, Y., Jin, Z., Cao, L., Kim, K.W., Gundogdu, K.: Exciton valley relaxation in a single layer of WS 2 measured by ultrafast spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 90(4), 041414 (2014)
Mak, K.F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J., Heinz, T.F.: Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010a). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.136805
Mak, K.F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J., Heinz, T.F.: Atomically thin MoS 2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(13), 136805 (2010b)
Mas-Balleste, R., Gomez-Navarro, C., Gomez-Herrero, J., Zamora, F.: 2D materials: to graphene and beyond. Nanoscale 3(1), 20–30 (2011)
Neto, A.C., Novoselov, K.: New directions in science and technology: two-dimensional crystals. Rep. Prog. Phys. 74(8), 082501 (2011)
Neupane, T., Jayakodige, D., Tabibi, B., Seo, F.J.: Cubic Nonlinearity of WS2 Nanoflakes. In: APS Meeting Abstracts 2018
Ouyang, Q., Yu, H., Zhang, K., Chen, Y.: Saturable absorption and the changeover from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption of MoS 2 nanoflake array films. J. Mater. Chem. C 2(31), 6319–6325 (2014)
Perea-López, N., Elías, A.L., Berkdemir, A., Castro-Beltran, A., Gutiérrez, H.R., Feng, S., Lv, R., Hayashi, T., López-Urías, F., Ghosh, S.: Photosensor device based on few-layered WS2 films. Adv. Func. Mater. 23(44), 5511–5517 (2013)
Rigosi, A.F., Hill, H.M., Li, Y., Chernikov, A., Heinz, T.F.: Probing interlayer interactions in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures by optical spectroscopy: MoS2/WS2 and MoSe2/WSe2. Nano Lett. 15(8), 5033–5038 (2015)
Ruppert, C., Chernikov, A., Hill, H.M., Rigosi, A.F., Heinz, T.F.: The role of electronic and phononic excitation in the optical response of monolayer WS2 after ultrafast excitation. Nano Lett. 17(2), 644–651 (2017)
Schmidt, R., Berghäuser, G., Schneider, R., Selig, M., Tonndorf, P., Malić, E., Knorr, A., Michaelis de Vasconcellos, S., Bratschitsch, R.: Ultrafast coulomb induced intervalley coupling in atomically thin WS2. Nano Lett. 16(5), 2945–2950 (2016)
Shao, Y., Chen, C., Han, J., Kong, D., Wu, W., Gao, Y.: Wavelength-dependent nonlinear absorption and ultrafast dynamics process of WS 2. OSA Continuum 2(9), 2755–2763 (2019)
Sheik-Bahae, M., Said, A.A., Wei, T., Hagan, D.J., Stryland, E.W.V.: Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(4), 760–769 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1109/3.53394
Sie, E.J., Steinhoff, A., Gies, C., Lui, C.H., Ma, Q., Rosner, M., Schönhoff, G., Jahnke, F., Wehling, T.O., Lee, Y.-H.: Observation of exciton redshift–blueshift crossover in monolayer WS2. Nano Lett. 17(7), 4210–4216 (2017)
Sun, Q.-C., Mazumdar, D., Yadgarov, L., Rosentsveig, R., Tenne, R., Musfeldt, J.L.: Spectroscopic determination of phonon lifetimes in rhenium-doped MoS2 nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2803–2808 (2013)
Tutt, L.W., Boggess, T.F.: A review of optical limiting mechanisms and devices using organics, fullerenes, semiconductors and other materials. Prog. Quantum Electron. 17(4), 299–338 (1993)
Wang, J.: Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (Conference Presentation). In: Nanoengineering: Fabrication, Properties, Optics, and Devices XV 2018a, p. 107300D. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Wang, J.: Nonlinear optical effects in layered transition metal dichalcogenides (Conference Presentation). In: Nanophotonics VII 2018b, p. 1067213. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Wang, X.-y., Hou, L.-m., Yang, H.-y.: A feature-based image watermarking scheme robust to local geometrical distortions. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 11(6), 065401 (2009)
Wang, J., Chen, Y., Li, R., Dong, H., Zhang, L., Lotya, M., Coleman, J.N., Blau, W.J.: Nonlinear optical properties of graphene and carbon nanotube composites. In: Carbon Nanotubes-Synthesis, Characterization, Applications. IntechOpen, (2011)
Wang, Q.H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A., Coleman, J.N., Strano, M.S.: Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699 (2012)
Wang, K., Wang, J., Fan, J., Lotya, M., O’Neill, A., Fox, D., Feng, Y., Zhang, X., Jiang, B., Zhao, Q.: Ultrafast saturable absorption of two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets. ACS Nano 7(10), 9260–9267 (2013)
Wang, K., Feng, Y., Chang, C., Zhan, J., Wang, C., Zhao, Q., Coleman, J.N., Zhang, L., Blau, W.J., Wang, J.: Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of layered molybdenum dichalcogenide semiconductors. Nanoscale 6(18), 10530–10535 (2014)
Wang, G., Li, L., Fan, W., Wang, R., Zhou, S., Lü, J.T., Gan, L., Zhai, T.: Interlayer coupling induced infrared response in WS2/MoS2 heterostructures enhanced by surface plasmon resonance. Adv. Func. Mater. 28(22), 1800339 (2018)
Wei, K., Xu, Z., Chen, R., Zheng, X., Cheng, X., Jiang, T.: Temperature-dependent excitonic photoluminescence excited by two-photon absorption in perovskite CsPbBr 3 quantum dots. Opt. Lett. 41(16), 3821–3824 (2016a)
Wei, R., Tian, X., Zhang, H., Hu, Z., He, X., Chen, Z., Chen, Q., Qiu, J.: Facile synthesis of two-dimensional WS2 with reverse saturable absorption and nonlinear refraction properties in the PMMA matrix. J. Alloy. Compd. 684, 224–229 (2016b)
Wei, K., Jiang, T., Xu, Z., Zhou, J., You, J., Tang, Y., Li, H., Chen, R., Zheng, X., Wang, S.: Ultrafast carrier transfer promoted by interlayer coulomb coupling in 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures. Laser Photonics Rev. 12(10), 1800128 (2018)
Wen, J., Liu, H., Huang, N., Sun, Q., Zhao, W.: Influence of the initial chirp on the supercontinuum generation in silicon-on-insulator waveguide. Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. 104(4), 867–871 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4496-1
Wen, J., Ma, C., Fan, W., Fu, H.: Spectral-temporal description of dispersive wave emission and soliton trapping in micro-nano silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Opt. Laser Technol. 71, 50–54 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.02.009
Zhang, J., O'Neil, R., Roberti, T.: Femtosecond studies of photoinduced electron dynamics at the liquid-solid interface of aqueous CdS colloids. J Phys Chem. 98(14), 3859–3864 (1994)
Zhang, S., Dong, N., McEvoy, N., O’Brien, M., Winters, S., Berner, N.C., Yim, C., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, Z.: Direct observation of degenerate two-photon absorption and its saturation in WS2 and MoS2 monolayer and few-layer films. ACS Nano 9(7), 7142–7150 (2015)
Zhang, Y., Lim, C.-K., Dai, Z., Yu, G., Haus, J.W., Zhang, H., Prasad, P.N.: Photonics and optoelectronics using nano-structured hybrid perovskite media and their optical cavities. Phys. Rep. Rev. Sect. Phys. Lett. 795, 1–51 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.005
Zhao, W., Ribeiro, R.M., Toh, M., Carvalho, A., Kloc, C., Castro Neto, A., Eda, G.: Origin of indirect optical transitions in few-layer MoS2, WS2, and WSe2. Nano Lett. 13(11), 5627–5634 (2013)
Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, R., Xu, Z., Jiang, T.: Z-scan measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of monolayer WS 2. Opt. Express 23(12), 15616–15623 (2015)
Zhou, K.G., Zhao, M., Chang, M.J., Wang, Q., Wu, X.Z., Song, Y., Zhang, H.L.: Size-dependent nonlinear optical properties of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Small 11(6), 694–701 (2015)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (F2018027), Heilongjiang University Graduate Innovation Fund (YJSCX2018-015HLJU), East University of Heilongjiang Scientific Research Fund (HDFKY190106).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shao, Y., Chen, C., Han, J. et al. Resonant enhancement of nonlinear absorption and ultrafast dynamics of WS2 nanosheets. Opt Quant Electron 52, 300 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02421-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02421-6