Abstract
Device architecture and design scheme of a universal \(N\)-stage cascaded polymer four-port optical router with scalable 3\(N\) channel wavelengths are proposed. Basic cross-coupling two-microring resonator routing element based on polymer materials is optimized for single-mode transmission, low optical loss and phase-match between microring waveguide and channel waveguide. Then, a one-stage four-port optical router is constructed using four-group basic routing elements, which has 12 possible I/O routing paths and 3 channel wavelengths. The insertion losses of each channel wavelength along every routing path are within the range of 0.04–0.63 dB, the maximum crosstalk between the on-port along each routing path and other off-ports is less than \(-39\) dB, and the device footprint size is \(\sim \)0.13 mm\(^{2}\). Compared with the previously reported four-port silicon optical routers, this device possesses similar ring radius (\(\sim \)10 \(\upmu \)m) and device size (\(<\)1 mm\(^{2})\). Aiming at wideband signal routing applications, we then construct a universal \(N\)-stage cascaded polymer four-port optical router possessing scalable 3\(N\) channel wavelengths. The proposed routing structure has potential application in photonic networks-on-chip, because of low insertion loss, low crosstalk, small footprint size, and scalable wideband 3\(N\) routing wavelengths.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barwicz, T., Byun, H., Gan, F., Holzwarth, C.W., Popovic, M.A.: Silicon photonics for compact, energy-efficient interconnects. J. Opt. Netw. 6, 63–73 (2007)
Biberman, A., Lee, B.G., Droz, N.S., Lipson, M., Bergman, K.: Broadbang operation of nanophotonic router for silicon photonic networks-on-chip. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22, 926–928 (2010)
Droz, N.S., Wang, H., Chen, L., Lee, B.G., Biberman, A., Bergman, K., Lipson, M.: Optical 4\(\times \)4 hitless silicon router for optical networks-on-chip (NOC). Opt. Exp. 16, 15915–15922 (2008)
Gu, H.X., Mo, K.H., Xu, J., Zhang, W.: A low-power low-cost optical router for optical networks-on-chip in multiprocessor systems-on chip. In: Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Press Annual Symposium, pp. 19–24 (2009)
Hu, T., Qiu, H.Y., Yu, P., Qiu, C., Wang, W.J., Jiang, X.Q., Yang, M., Yang, J.Y.: Wavlength-selective 4\(\times \)4 nonblocking silicon optical router for networks-on-chip. Opt. Lett. 36, 4710–4712 (2011)
Ji, R., Yang, L., Zhang, L., Tian, Y., Ding, J., Chen, H., Lu, Y., Zhou, P., Zhu, W.: Microring-resonator-based four-port optical router for photonic networks-on-chip. Opt. Exp. 19, 18945–18955 (2011a)
Ji, R., Yang, L., Zhang, L., Tian, Y., Ding, J., Chen, H., Lu, Y., Zhou, P., Zhu, W.: Five-port optical router for photonic networks-on-chip. Opt. Exp. 19, 20258–20268 (2011b)
Lee, B.G., Biberman, A., Dong, P., Lipson, M., Bergman, K.: Alloptical comb switch for multiwavelength message routing in silicon photonic networks. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 767–769 (2008)
Marcatili, E.A.J.: Dielectric rectangular waveguide and directional coupler for integrated optics. Bell Syst. Technol. J. 48, 2071–2102 (1969a)
Marcatili, E.A.J.: Bends in optical dielectric guides. Bell Syst. Technol. J. 48, 2103–2132 (1969b)
Melloni, A., Carniel, F., Costa, R., Martinelli, M.: Determination of bend mode characteristics in dielectric waveguides. J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 571–577 (2001)
Miller, A.B.: Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips. Proc. IEEE 97, 1166–1185 (2009)
Min, R., Ji, R.Q., Chen, Q.S., Zhang, L., Yang, L.: A universal method for constructing N-port nonblocking optical router for photonic networks-on-chip. J. Lightwave Technol. 30, 3736–3741 (2012)
Mo, K.H., Ye, Y.Y., Wu, X.W., Zhang, W., Liu, W.C., Xu, J.: A hierarchical hybrid optical-electronic network-on-chip. In: Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI pp. 327–332 (2010)
Pitois, C., Vukmirovic, S., Hult, A., Wiesmann, D., Robertsson, M.: Low-loss passive optical waveguides based on photo-sensitive poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 32, 2903–2909 (1999)
Shacham, A., Bergman, K., Carloni, L.P.: Photonic networks-on-chip for future generations of chip multiprocessors. IEEE Trans. Comput. 57, 1246–1260 (2008)
Tan, X.F., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Jiang, Y.T., Yang, J.Y.: A generic optical router design for photonic networks-on-chips. J. Lightwave Technol. 30, 368–376 (2012)
Wang, R., Zheng, C.T., Song, Q., Liang, L., Ma, C.S., Cui, Z.C., Zhang, D.M.: Fourier analysis of a polymer directional coupler electro-optic switch with two-section cosine-transitive CPWG electrodes: a new theoretical view. Opt. Commun. 285, 1103–1112 (2012)
Xu, G.Y., Liu, Z.F., Ma, J., Liu, B.Y., Ho, S.T., Wang, L., Zhu, P.W., Marks, T.J., Luo, J.D., Jen, A.K.Y.: Organic electro-optic modulator using transparent conducting oxides as electrodes. Opt. Exp. 13, 7380–7385 (2005)
Yang, M., Green, M.J., Assefa, S., Van Campenhout, J., Lee, B.G., Jahnes, C.V., Doany, F.E., Schow, C.L.: Non-blocking 4\(\times \)4 electro-optic silicon switch for on-chip photonic networks. Opt. Exp. 19, 47–54 (2011)
Zheng, C.T., Ma, C.S., Yan, X., Zhang, D.M.: Design of a spectrum-expanded polymer Mach-Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch using two phase-generating couplers. Appl. Phys. B 102, 831–840 (2011a)
Zheng, C.T., Ma, C.S., Cui, Z.C., Yan, X., Zhang, D.M., Tian, C.W.: Investigation on push-pull polymer Mach-Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switches using improved 3-D mode propagation analysis method. Opt. Quantum Electron. 42, 327–346 (2011b)
Zheng, C.T., Luo, Q.Q., Liang, L., Ma, C.S., Zhang, D.M.: Fourier modeling and numerical characterization on a high-linear bias-free polymer push-pull poled Y-fed coupler electro-optic modulator. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 49, 652–660 (2013)
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the National Natural Science Foundation Council of China (Nos. 61107021, 61177027 and 61077041), the Ministry of Education of China (Nos. 20110061120052 and 20120061130008), the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province of China (No. 20130522161JH), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (Nos. 20110491299 and 2012T50297), the Special Funds of Basic Science and Technology of Jilin University (No. 201103076).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, QQ., Zheng, CT., Huang, XL. et al. Polymeric \(N\)-stage serial-cascaded four-port optical router with scalable \(3N\) channel wavelengths for wideband signal routing application. Opt Quant Electron 46, 829–849 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-013-9795-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-013-9795-9