Abstract
Conventional knowledge graph completion methods are effective for completing knowledge graphs (KGs), but they face significant challenges when dealing with relations with only a limited number of associative triples. To address the issue of incompleteness and long-tail distribution of relations in KGs, few-shot knowledge graph completion emerges as a promising solution. This approach predicts new triplets about a relation by leveraging only a handful of associated triples. Previous methods have focused on aggregating neighbor information and imposing sequential dependency assumptions. However, these methods can be counterproductive when they involve unrelated neighbors and rely on unrealistic assumptions, which hinders the learning of meta-representations. This paper proposes a simple and effective meta relational learning model (SMetaR) for few-shot knowledge graph completion that maintains the complete feature information of few-shot relations through a linear model. This approach effectively learns the meta-representation of few-shot relations and enhances meta-relational learning capabilities. Extensive experiments on two public datasets reveal that the model outperforms existing few-shot knowledge graph completion methods, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Datasets are available on the website https://github.com/AnselCmy/MetaR. No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Bollacker K, Evans C, Paritosh P, Sturge T, Taylor J (2008) Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on management of data, pp 1247–1250. https://doi.org/10.1145/1376616.1376746
Bordes A, Usunier N, Garcia-Durán A, Weston J, Yakhnenko O (2013) Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data. In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on neural information processing systems, vol 2, pp 2787–2795. https://doi.org/10.5555/2999792.2999923
Chami I, Wolf A, Juan DC, Sala F, Ravi S, Ré C (2020) Low-dimensional hyperbolic knowledge graph embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 6901–6914. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.617
Chen M, Zhang W, Zhang W, Chen Q, Chen H (2019) Meta relational learning for few-shot link prediction in knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and the 9th international joint conference on natural language processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), pp 4217–4226. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1431
Dettmers T, Minervini P, Stenetorp P, Riedel S (2018) Convolutional 2D knowledge graph embeddings. In: 32nd AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, AAAI 2018, vol 32. AAI Publications, pp 1811–1818. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11573
Finn C, Abbeel P, Levine S (2017) Model-agnostic meta-learning for fast adaptation of deep networks. In: International conference on machine learning, PMLR, pp 1126–1135. https://doi.org/10.5555/3305381.3305498
Galárraga L, Teflioudi C, Hose K, Suchanek FM (2015) Fast rule mining in ontological knowledge bases with amie + +. VLDB J 24(6):707–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00778-015-0394-1
Han X, Cao S, Lv X, Lin Y, Liu Z, Sun M, Li J (2018) Openke: an open toolkit for knowledge embedding. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing: system demonstrations, pp 139–144. https://aclanthology.org/D18-2024
Huang X, Zhang J, Li D, Li P (2019) Knowledge graph embedding based question answering. In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on web search and data mining, pp 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1145/3289600.3290956
Ji G, He S, Xu L, Liu K, Zhao J (2015) Knowledge graph embedding via dynamic mapping matrix. In: Proceedings of the 53rd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 7th international joint conference on natural language processing (volume 1: Long papers), pp 687–696. https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/P15-1067
Kingma DP, Ba J (2015) Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: International conference on learning representations
Li D, Zhu B, Yang S, Xu K, Yi M, He Y, Wang H (2023) Multi-task pre-training language model for semantic network completion. ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resource Lang. Inf. Process. 22(11):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3627704
Lin Y, Liu Z, Sun M, Liu Y, Zhu X (2015) Learning entity and relation embeddings for knowledge graph completion. In: Proceedings of the 29th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 2181–2187. https://doi.org/10.5555/2886521.2886624
Liu H, Wu Y, Yang Y (2017) Analogical inference for multi-relational embeddings. In: International conference on machine learning, PMLR, pp 2168–2178. https://doi.org/10.5555/3305890.3305905
Lv X, Gu Y, Han X, Hou L, Li J, Liu Z (2019) Adapting meta knowledge graph information for multi-hop reasoning over few-shot relations. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and the 9th international joint conference on natural language processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), pp 3376–3381. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1334
Ma H, Wang DZ (2023) A survey on few-shot knowledge graph completion with structural and commonsense knowledge. arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.01172
Miller GA (1995) Wordnet: a lexical database for English. Commun ACM 38(11):39–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/219717.219748
Mitchell T, Cohen W, Hruschka E, Talukdar P, Yang B, Betteridge J, Carlson A, Dalvi B, Gardner M, Kisiel B et al (2018) Never-ending learning. Commun ACM 61(5):103–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/e660332010-001
Nguyen TD, Nguyen DQ, Phung D, et al (2018) A novel embedding model for knowledge base completion based on convolutional neural network. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, vol. 2 (Short Papers), pp 327–333. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N18-2053
Nickel M, Tresp V, Kriegel HP, et al (2011) A three-way model for collective learning on multi-relational data. In: ICML, pp 3104482–3104584, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3104482.3104584
Niu G, Li Y, Tang C, Geng R, Dai J, Liu Q, Wang H, Sun J, Huang F, Si L (2021) Relational learning with gated and attentive neighbor aggregator for few-shot knowledge graph completion. In: Proceedings of the 44th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval, pp 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462925
Saxena A, Tripathi A, Talukdar P (2020) Improving multi-hop question answering over knowledge graphs using knowledge base embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 4498–4507. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.412
Suchanek FM, Kasneci G, Weikum G (2007) Yago: a core of semantic knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web, pp 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242667
Sun Z, Deng ZH, Nie JY, Tang J (2019) Rotate: knowledge graph embedding by relational rotation in complex space. In: International conference on learning representations
Trouillon T, Welbl J, Riedel S, Gaussier É, Bouchard G (2016) Complex embeddings for simple link prediction. In: International conference on machine learning, PMLR, pp 2071–2080. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1606.06357
Vinyals O, Blundell C, Lillicrap T, Kavukcuoglu K, Wierstra D (2016) Matching networks for one shot learning. In: Proceedings of the 30th international conference on neural information processing systems, pp 3637–3645. https://doi.org/10.5555/3157382.3157504
Vrandečić D, Krötzsch M (2014) Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase. Commun ACM 57(10):78–85. https://doi.org/10.1145/2629489
Wang H, Zhang F, Zhang M, Leskovec J, Zhao M, Li W, Wang Z (2019) Knowledge-aware graph neural networks with label smoothness regularization for recommender systems. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining, pp 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292500.3330836
Wang Q, Mao Z, Wang B, Guo L (2017) Knowledge graph embedding: a survey of approaches and applications. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 29(12):2724–2743. https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2017.2754499
Wang Z, Zhang J, Feng J, Chen Z (2014) Knowledge graph embedding by translating on hyperplanes. In: Proceedings of the 28th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 1112–1119. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v28i1.8870
Wu H, Yin J, Rajaratnam B, Guo J (2022) Hierarchical relational learning for few-shot knowledge graph completion. In: The 11th international conference on learning representations. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.01205
Xiong C, Power R, Callan J (2017) Explicit semantic ranking for academic search via knowledge graph embedding. In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web, pp 1271–1279. https://doi.org/10.1145/3038912.3052558
Xiong W, Yu M, Chang S, Guo X, Wang WY (2018) One-shot relational learning for knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp 1980–1990. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D18-1223
Yang B, Yih SWt, He X, Gao J, Deng L (2015) Embedding entities and relations for learning and inference in knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the international conference on learning representations (ICLR) 2015
Zhang C, Yao H, Huang C, Jiang M, Li Z, Chawla NV (2020) Few-shot knowledge graph completion. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 3041–3048. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i03.5698
Zhang W, Paudel B, Zhang W, Bernstein A, Chen H (2019) Interaction embeddings for prediction and explanation in knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the twelfth ACM international conference on web search and data mining, pp 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/3289600.3291014
Acknowledgements
In the course of the research for this paper, we have received help and support from the following organizations, to whom we would like to express our heartfelt thanks: the AI General Computing Platform program of Hefei University.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, S.C. and B.Y.; Methodology, S.C.; Validation, S.C. and B.Y.; Investigation, B.Y.; Writing-original draft preparation, S.C. and B.Y.; Writing-review and editing, B.Y.; Visualization, S.C. and C.Z.; supervision, B.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Consent to participate
The authors consent to participate.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
The authors give their consent for publication.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, S., Yang, B. & Zhao, C. Simple and effective meta relational learning for few-shot knowledge graph completion. Optim Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-024-09880-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-024-09880-w