Abstract
The transition to a circular economy can be realized with higher waste recycling. With the knowledge of waste flows and the links between them, it is possible to plan the infrastructure of the entire system and set the goals needed for the transition to a circular economy. If the statistical analysis does not provide quality models, it is possible to describe waste flows using basic balance relationships. This contribution presents an optimization model based on quadratic programming. The output of the model is an estimate of the waste amount that was managed to divert from mixed municipal waste to separate fractions in the past period. A key input is an estimate of the composition of mixed municipal waste. For a more detailed territorial model, composition estimates are often not available, so an optimization model using the principle of credibility has been proposed. Uncertain information for lower territorial units is corrected by aggregated results for the national level. The resulting optimization models were tested on the data of the Czech Republic for the period 2010–2018 in annual detail. The result interprets what part of the newly separated waste comes from mixed municipal waste. For the significant monitored fractions this value is low, 0.26 for bio-waste in the Czech Republic. On the contrary, the high part of the shift from mixed municipal waste is for plastic, 0.82. The results showed the advantage of correction at lower territory levels due to the high variability of the input data.
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Data availability
The data about municipal solid waste used in the case study are available from the database of Waste Management Information System of Czech Republic called ISOH (ISOH 2021).
Notes
Czech Environmental Information Agency https://www.cenia.cz/odpadove-a-obehove-hospodarstvi/isoh/.
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Acknowledgements
The work was supported by GAČR No. 22-11867S and project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_026/0008413 "Strategic Partnership for Environmental Technologies and Energy Production". Their support is greatly acknowledged.
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All authors contributed to the presented study. Conceptualisation was provided by RŠ. Formal analysis was performed by VS. Methodology was performed by RŠ and JK. Validation of results was performed by VS, RŠ and JK. The figures visualisation was performed by VS and JK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by VS. The review and editing were provided by RŠ and JK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Šomplák, R., Smejkalová, V. & Kůdela, J. Mixed-integer quadratic optimization for waste flow quantification. Optim Eng 23, 2177–2201 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-022-09762-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-022-09762-z