Skip to main content
Log in

The Steering Group as Policy Advice Instrument: A Case of “Consultocracy” in Stadium Subsidy Deliberations

  • Published:
Policy Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study considers the use of steering groups and private consultants as sources of policy advice to local governments. More particularly, our research addresses the combined role of a government-appointed working party and consulting firm in the deliberation process precipitating from proposals to renovate/re-build a sports stadium. Through this New Zealand-based case, we explore the political tensions arising from the Working Party's mandates to consult and its role as vehicle to market policy solutions. Data is gleaned from interviews with working party members (and their consultants), observations of public consultations and analysis of documents (e.g., background papers, reports, and press releases). Implications of this institutional arrangement are discussed in light of recurring logics, tensions and paradoxes. We first consider the Carisbrook Working Party as an instrument of policy advice and distinguish its founding logic from other forms such as task forces or commissions of inquiry. We further discuss the paradoxes of the Working Party's procedural and political imperatives including its roles as facilitators of the process, advocates of the “problem,”and as authoritative proclaimers of certainty.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arnstein, S.R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35, 216–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aucoin, P. (1990). Contributions of commissions of inquiry to policy analysis: an evaluation.’ in P. A. Pross, I. Christie & J. A. Yogis, (eds.), Commissions of Inquiry. Toronto: Carswell, pp. 197–208.

  • Baade, R. (1996). Professional sports as catalysts for metropolitan economic development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 18, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford, T., Clark, J., & Harrison C. (2002). Limits to new public participation practices in local land use planning. Town Planning Review, 73, 311–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boston, J. (1994). Purchasing policy advice: the limits of contracting out. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, 7, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, N. (1999). Innovation by commission: Policy paradigms and the Canadian political system, in J. Bickerton, & A. G. Gagnon, eds., Canadian politics. Peterborough: broadview Press, pp. 541–564.

  • Brown, C., & Paul, D.M. (1999). Local organized interests and the 1996 Cincinnati sports stadia tax referendum. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 23, 218–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlino, G., & Coulson, N.E. (2004). Compensating differentials and the social benefits of the NFL. Journal of Urban Economics, 56, 25–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B.W., & Carroll, T. (1999). Civic networks, legitimacy and the policy process. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, 12, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheyne, C., & Comrie, M. (2002). Enhanced legitimacy for local authority decision making: challenges, setback and innovation. Policy, & Politics, 30, 469–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheyne, C., O'Brien, M. & Belgrave, M. (2005). Social policy in Aotearoa/New Zealand : A critical introduction (3rd ed.). Melbourne Auckland: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, J.L. (1995). Economic impact analysis of sports facilities and events. Journal of Sport Management, 9, 14–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delaney, K.J., & Eckstein, R. (2003). Public dollars, private stadiums: the battle over building sports stadiums. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economic development committee. (2005). Minutes 8 March. Dunedin: Dunedin City Council.

  • Eisinger, P. (2000). The politics of bread and circuses: building the city for the visitor class. Urban Affairs Review, 35, 316–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elster, J. (1997). The market and the forum: three varieties of political theory. in Bohman, J., & W. Rehg, eds., Deliberative democracy: essays on reason and politics. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 3–34.

  • Euchner, C.C. (1993). Playing the field : why sports teams move and cities fight to keep them. Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press.

  • Fischer, F. (1990). Technocracy and the politics of expertise. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

  • Forester, J. (1993). Critical theory, public policy, and planning practice : toward a critical pragmatism. Albany: State University of New York Press.

  • Harding, A., Wilks-Heeg, S., & Hutchins, M. (2000). Business, government and the business of urban governance. Urban Studies, 37, 975–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harland, J. (2004, December 24). Yes, we do want Carisbrook upgraded. Otago Daily Times p. 13.

  • Hendriks, C.M. (2005). Participatory storylines and their influence on deliberative forums. Policy Sciences, 38, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel, M. (1991). The new ‘evaluative state.’ Public Administration, 69, 121–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higham, J. (1996). The Bledisloe Cup: quantifying the direct economic benefits of event tourism, with ramifications for a city in economic transition. Festival Management, & Event Tourism, 4, 107–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons?. Public Administration, 69, 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, I. (2001). The use and misuse of economic impact analysis. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 25, 20–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irvin, R.A., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen participation in decision making: is it worth the effort?. Public Administration Review, 64, 55–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamrozik, A., & Nocella, L. (1998). the sociology of social problems : theoretical perspectives and methods of intervention. Cambridge, England, New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B.K., Groothuis, P.A., & Whitehead, J.C. (2001). The value of public goods generated by a major league sports team: The CVM approach. Journal of Sport Economics, 2, 6–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. (2002). Public cost for private gain? Recent and proposed ‘national’ stadium developments in the UK, and commonalities with North America. Area, 34, 160–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P.S. (2003). Urban regeneration's poisoned chalice: is there an impasse in (community) participation-based policy?. Urban Studies, 40, 581–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, S.S., & Rosentraub, M.S. (2000). Public-private partnerships, professional sports teams, and the protection of the public's interests. American Review of Public Administration, 30, 436–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L.A. (2003). Deliberation, legitimacy, and multilateral democracy. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, 16, 23–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layson, S.K. (2005). The estimation of consumer surplus benefits from a city owned multipurpose coliseum complex. Journal of Real Estate Research, 27, 221–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowndes, V. (2005). Something old, something new, something borrowed.How institutions change (and stay the same) in local governance. Policy Studies, 26, 291–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • March, J.G., & Olsen J.P. (1989). Rediscovering institutions : the organizational basis of politics. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, E.J. (2001). Collaborative visioning or urban planning as therapy? the politics of public-private policy making. Professional Geographer, 53, 207–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, E.J. (2004). ‘Best places’: interurban competition, quality of life and popular media discourse. Urban Studies, 41, 1909–1929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MWH. (2004a). ‘Carisbrook’: future upgrading and development options: background report. Auckland: MWH New Zealand Ltd.

  • MWH. (2004b). A strategic review of options relating to the future of Carisbrook: final report. Auckland: MWH New Zealand Ltd.

  • Nelson, A.C. (2002). Locating major league stadiums where they can make a difference: empirical analysis with implications for all major public venues. Public Works Management and Policy, 7, 98–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, J. (2004). Why deliberate? The encounter between deliberation and new public managers. Public Administration, 82, 377–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosentraub, M.S. (1999). Major league losers : the real cost of sports and who's paying for it (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.

  • Saint-Martin, D. (1998). The new managerialism and the policy influence of consultants in government: An historical-institutionalist analysis of Britain, Canada and France. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, 11, 319–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, L. (1990). The two contradictions in public inquiries. in P. A. Pross, I. Christie, & J. A. Yogis, (eds.), Commissions of inquiry. Toronto: Carswell, pp. 173–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sam, M.P. (2005). The makers of sport policy: a task(Force) to be reckoned With. Sociology of Sport Journal, 22, 78–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santo, C. (2005). The economic impact of sports stadiums: recasting the analysis in context. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27, 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, J. (2001). Globalization and the construction of local particularities: a case study of the Winnipeg Jets. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18, 205–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, J., & Zimbalist, A. (2000). The economics of sports facilities and their communities. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, 95–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, J., & Zimbalist, A. (2002). A note on the local economic impact of sports expenditures. Journal of Sport Economics, 3, 361–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, J. (1996). Thin ice: money, politics and the demise of an NHL franchise. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. M., & Ingham, A.G. (2003). On the waterfront: retrospectives on the relationship between sport and communities. Sociology of Sport Journal, 20, 252–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swindell, D., & Rosentraub, M.S. (1998). Who benefits from the presence of professional sports teams? The implications for public funding of stadiums and arenas. Public Administration Review, 58, 11–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis, J., & Dollery, B. (2001). Local government policy evolution in New Zealand: radical reform and the ex post emergence of consensus or rival advocacy coalitions. Public Administration, 79, 533–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Patrick Sam.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sam, M.P., Scherer, J. The Steering Group as Policy Advice Instrument: A Case of “Consultocracy” in Stadium Subsidy Deliberations. Policy Sci 39, 169–181 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-006-9014-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-006-9014-7

Keywords

Navigation