Abstract
We study the dynamics of a resonantly driven nonlinear resonator (primary) that is nonlinearly coupled to a non-resonantly driven linear resonator (secondary) with a relatively short decay time. Due to its short relaxation time, the secondary resonator adiabatically tracks the primary resonator and modifies its response. Our model, which is motivated by experimental studies on the interaction between nano- and micro-resonators, is relatively simple and can be analyzed analytically and numerically to show that the driven response of the primary resonator can be enhanced significantly due to the interaction with the secondary resonator. Such an arrangement may pave the way for systematic control of driven responses and signal amplification in engineering applications involving nano- and micro-electro-mechanical-systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
LaHaye, M., Buu, O., Camarota, B., Schwab, K.: Approaching the quantum limit of a nanomechanical resonator. Science 304(5667), 74 (2004)
Yang, Y.T., Callegari, C., Feng, X., Ekinci, K.L., Roukes, M.L.: Zeptogram-scale nanomechanical mass sensing. Nano Lett. 6(4), 583 (2006)
Rugar, D., Budakian, R., Mamin, H., Chui, B.: Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy. Nature 430(6997), 329 (2004)
Kim, P., Hauer, B., Doolin, C., Souris, F., Davis, J.: Approaching the standard quantum limit of mechanical torque sensing. Nat. Commun. 7(1), 1 (2016)
Cleland, A.N., Roukes, M.L.: A nanometre-scale mechanical electrometer. Nature 392(6672), 160 (1998)
Rhoads, J.F., Miller, N.J., Shaw, S.W., Feeny, B.F.: Mechanical domain parametric amplification. J. Vib. Acous. 130(6), (2008)
Suh, J., LaHaye, M.D., Echternach, P.M., Schwab, K.C., Roukes, M.L.: Parametric amplification and back-action noise squeezing by a qubit-coupled nanoresonator. Nano Lett. 10(10), 3990 (2010)
Rhoads, J.F., Shaw, S.W.: The impact of nonlinearity on degenerate parametric amplifiers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(23), 234101 (2010)
Karabalin, R., Lifshitz, R., Cross, M., Matheny, M., Masmanidis, S., Roukes, M.: Signal amplification by sensitive control of bifurcation topology. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(9), 094102 (2011)
Miller, N.J., Shaw, S.W.: Frequency sweeping with concurrent parametric amplification. J. Dyn. Syst. Measure. Control 134(2) (2012)
Yie, Z., Miller, N.J., Shaw, S.W., Turner, K.L.: Parametric amplification in a resonant sensing array. J. Micromech. Microeng. 22(3), 035004 (2012)
Ilyas, S., Jaber, N., Younis, M.I.: Static and dynamic amplification using strong mechanical coupling. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 25(5), 916 (2016)
Polunin, P.M., Shaw, S.W.: Self-induced parametric amplification in ring resonating gyroscopes. Int. J. Non-Linear Mechan. 94, 300 (2017)
Ilyas, S., Jaber, N., Younis, M.I.: A coupled resonator for highly tunable and amplified mixer/filter. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 64(6), 2659 (2017)
Hasan, M., Alsaleem, F.M., Jaber, N., Hafiz, M.A.A., Younis, M.I.: Simultaneous electrical and mechanical resonance drive for large signal amplification of micro resonators. Aip Adv. 8(1), 015312 (2018)
Miller, J.M., Bousse, N.E., Shin, D.D., Kwon, H.K. , Kenny, T.W.: Signal enhancement in mem resonant sensors using parametric suppression. In: 2019 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems & Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS XXXIII), pp. 881–884. IEEE (2019)
Iqbal, S., Malik, A.: A review on MEMS based micro displacement amplification mechanisms. Sens. Actuat. Phys. 300, 111666 (2019)
Zheng, X., Wu, H., Lin, Y., Ma, Z., Jin, Z.: Linear parametric amplification/attenuation for MEMS vibratory gyroscopes based on triangular area-varying capacitors. J. Micromech. Microeng. 30(4), 045010 (2020)
Bothner, D., Yanai, S., Iniguez-Rabago, A., Yuan, M., Blanter, Y.M., Steele, G.A.: Cavity electromechanics with parametric mechanical driving. Nature Commun. 11(1), 1 (2020)
Li, D., Shaw, S.W.: The effects of nonlinear damping on degenerate parametric amplification. Nonlinear Dyn. 102(4), 2433 (2020)
Scofield, J.H.: Frequency-domain description of a lock-in amplifier. Am. J. Phys. 62(2), 129 (1994)
Hsieh, G.C., Hung, J.C.: Phase-locked loop techniques. A survey. IEEE Trans. Indus. Electron. 43(6), 609 (1996)
Mumford, W.: Some notes on the history of parametric transducers. Proc. IRE 48(5), 848 (1960)
Metcalfe, M.: Applications of cavity optomechanics. Appl. Phys. Rev. 1(3), 031105 (2014)
Sabater, A.B., Hunkler, A., Rhoads, J.F.: A single-input, single-output electromagnetically-transduced microresonator array. J. Micromech. Microeng. 24(6), 065005 (2014)
Sabater, A.B., Rhoads, J.F.: Dynamics of globally and dissipatively coupled resonators. J. Vib. Acous. 137(2),(2015)
Ilyas, S., Chappanda, K.N., Al Hafiz, M.A., Ramini, A., Younis, M.I.: An experimental and theoretical investigation of electrostatically coupled cantilever microbeams. Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 247, 368 (2016)
Borra, C., Pyles, C.S., Wetherton, B.A., Quinn, D.D., Rhoads, J.F.: The dynamics of large-scale arrays of coupled resonators. J. Sound Vib. 392, 232 (2017)
Li, L., Han, J., Zhang, Q., Liu, C., Guo, Z.: Nonlinear dynamics and parameter identification of electrostatically coupled resonators. Int. J. Non-linear Mech. 110, 104 (2019)
Giner, J., Uranga, A., Muñóz-Gamarra, J., Marigó, E., Barniol, N.: A fully integrated programmable dual-band RF filter based on electrically and mechanically coupled CMOS-MEMS resonators. J. Micromech. Microeng. 22(5), 055020 (2012)
Ilyas, S., Jaber, N., Younis, M.I.: A MEMS coupled resonator for frequency filtering in air. Mechatronics 56, 261 (2018)
Hajjaj, A., Jaber, N., Ilyas, S., Alfosail, F., Younis, M.I.: Linear and nonlinear dynamics of micro and nano-resonators: Review of recent advances. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 119, 103328 (2020)
Lugiato, L., Prati, F., Brambilla, M.: The adiabatic elimination principle, pp. 105–111. Cambridge University Press (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107477254.012
Shoshani, O., Dykman, M.I., Shaw, S.W.: Tuning linear and nonlinear characteristics of a resonator via nonlinear interaction with a secondary resonator. Nonlinear Dyn. 99(1), 433 (2020)
Nayfeh, A.H., Mook, D.T.: Nonlinear Oscillations. John Wiley & Sons (2008)
Guckenheimer, J., Holmes,P.J.: Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, vol. 42. Springer Science & Business Media (2013)
Shoshani, O., Shaw, S.W., Dykman, M.I.: Anomalous decay of nanomechanical modes going through nonlinear resonance. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 18091 (2017)
Mahboob, I., Perrissin, N., Nishiguchi, K., Hatanaka, D., Okazaki, Y., Fujiwara, A., Yamaguchi, H.: Dispersive and dissipative coupling in a micromechanical resonator embedded with a nanomechanical resonator. Nano Lett. 15(4), 2312 (2015)
Sun, F., Dong, X., Zou, J., Dykman, M.I., Chan, H.B.: Correlated anomalous phase diffusion of coupled phononic modes in a sideband-driven resonator. Nat. Communi. 7(1), 1 (2016)
Dong, X., Dykman, M.I., Chan, H.B.: Strong negative nonlinear friction from induced two-phonon processes in vibrational systems. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1 (2018)
Lifshitz, R., Cross, M.: Nonlinear dynamics of nanomechanical and micromechanical resonators. Rev. Nonlinear Dyn. Comp. 1, 1 (2008)
Dou, S., Strachan, B.S., Shaw, S.W., Jensen, J.S.: Structural optimization for nonlinear dynamic response. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 373(2051), 20140408 (2015)
Funding
The results described herein are based on previous efforts that were carried out over the last couple of years with Prof. Steven W. Shaw and Prof. Mark I. Dykman. The work of the authors is supported by the United States—Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) under Grant No. 2018041, and by the Pearlstone Center of Aeronautical Engineering Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. S.R. acknowledges the financial support of the Kreitman school of advanced graduate studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev under the STEM Scholarship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Data availability
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rosenberg, S., Shoshani, O. Amplifying the response of a driven resonator via nonlinear interaction with a secondary resonator. Nonlinear Dyn 105, 1427–1436 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-021-06659-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-021-06659-x