Abstract
Lake Nakatsuna, the central lake of the Nishina Three Lakes located in a narrow intermontane valley in the northern Japanese Alps, is thought to have formed by large landslides damming the paleo-Himekawa River at approximately 30 ka B.P. The mechanism of these large landslides in relation to geological and geomorphological attributes is less understood for the Nakatsuna Landslide. This paper focuses on the geomorphological evolution of Lake Nakatsuna in relation to the lithofacies of landslide blocks in tectonically active, hydrothermally altered, and weathered areas. Geomorphological and geological mapping, characterization of weathering grades and alteration intensity through field observation, petrographic observation, clay mineral analysis by XRD and major bulk geochemistry by XRF methods were adopted to establish the trends and intensity of source rock weathering and its relation to landslide mechanisms. Three paleo-landslide blocks have been identified from geomorphological field observations that may have formed the Lake Nakatsuna landslide dam. Petrographic observation reveals that approximately 30% of the mineral grains are slightly to moderately altered to form clay minerals (chlorite, kaolinite, illite, etc.) derived from hydrothermal alteration and weathering of rocks. CIA values range between 58 and 94 and reveal slight to strong hydrothermal activity. Along with the concentrations of abnormal geomorphic features such as steep slopes, isolated hills and depressions, and extremely loose sediments containing small and large blocks that have broken like a jigsaw puzzle in the hillslope and upper reach, it was determined that there was a large landslide that dammed the paleoriver and formed Lake Nakatsuna.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan) for granting Monbukagakusho Scholarship for PhD studies to the first author. The authors would also like to thank the Department of Geology, Shinshu University, for providing the laboratory facilities for the analysis of the collected rock and soil samples. Special thanks to Dr. Kou Takahashi for his guidance in the preparation and interpretation of thin sections; Miss Erika Ueyama and Miss Ritsuho Kawano for their assistance in the preparation of samples for XRD and XRF analysis; and Dr. Nozomi Hatano for performing the XRF analysis. This study was performed under the Kochi Core Center Open Facility System (No. 23A036) special thanks to Profs. M. Ikehara, M. Murayama, G. Uramoto, Y. Yamamoto, Drs. K. Arai, and T. Matsuzaki (Kochi University, Japan) for their technical assistance with the XRF analysis. The authors also appreciate the comments and suggestions provided by the anonymous reviewers, which were helpful for bringing the manuscript to the present form.
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This work was supported by the Japan Society for Promotions of Sciences (JSPS KAKENHI; grant numbers 20K04104 and 18KK0096). However, the authors declare that this approach does not influence the results of this study.
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All the authors contributed to the conceptualization of the work. Field activities, data collection and sampling were performed by KO and BRS participants with supervision from KY. Geological and geomorphological interpretations were performed by KO. The first draft of the manuscript was written by BRS, and all the authors commented and reviewed on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Silwal, B.R., Ota, K. & Yoshida, K. Effects of hydrothermal activity and weathering in the active fault area: formation of large landslide and landslide dam lake, Lake Nakatsuna, Nagano, Japan. Nat Hazards (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06567-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06567-4