Abstract
A total of 36 rainfall-induced shallow landslides occurred on July 26 and 27, 2011, on Halmidang Mountain, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. To precisely analyze these shallow landslides, a coupled hydro-mechanical model is applied that considers the dual-phase fluid flow of water and air and the deformation-dependence of the water retention behavior with hydraulic hysteresis. The changes in the pore pressures and saturations of the water and air are obtained from an infiltration analysis and are used to calculate the safety factor in a slope stability assessment. A comparison of the results from single- and dual-phase flow models is used to investigate the effects on the slope stability of the air flow and variations in the hydraulic conductivity resulting from the stress–strain behavior. The results suggest that considering the air flow in the hydro-mechanical coupling affects the increase rate of the pore water pressure, thus influencing the safety factor when ponding is more likely to occur during heavy rainfall. Finally, landslide assessments are conducted using the dual-phase flow model, which is slightly more consistent with actual landslide events than the single-phase flow model.
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The precipitation data used in this study are available at http://www.weather.go.kr/weather/climate/past_cal.jsp. The digital maps used in this study are available at http://map.ngii.go.kr/ms/map/NlipMap.do. The field-collected data are included in Tables 1 and 2 of this paper.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Institute for Korea Spent Nuclear Fuel (iKSNF) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (2021M2E1A1085193) and by the 2021 Research Fund (1.210055.01) of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST). The authors thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback, which helped to significantly improve the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the Institute for Korea Spent Nuclear Fuel (iKSNF) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (2021M2E1A1085193) and by the 2021 Research Fund (1.210055.01) of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST).
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Appendix
Appendix
Figure 12 presents examples of the changes in the pore water/air pressures and matric suction against time in Zones 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12 when the dual- and single-phase flow models were applied (i.e., the pressure and suction profiles at the middle of an infinite slope with an angle of 30°, similar to the average slope angle at slope failure sites, which had a value of 27°). The pore air pressure obtained by applying the single-phase flow model continues to have a value of 0 kPa.
Changes in pore water/air pressures and matric suction against time (0–22 h) at Zones 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12 when the dual- and single-phase flow model was applied to an infinite slope model with an angle of 30°. The vertical axes of graphs represent the depth from the slope surface. The columns represent ranges of pore water/air pressures and matric suction
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Kang, S., Kim, B. Effects of coupled hydro-mechanical model considering dual-phase fluid flow on potential for shallow landslides at a regional scale. Nat Hazards 111, 1741–1769 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05114-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05114-9