Abstract
Based on Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM), this study constructed a numerical model covering the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP-CFSR) data were used to drive the model to simulate a large storm surge generated by Typhoon Chan-hom. The model was validated by multiple in situ observations of water levels taken at tidal gauge stations. The effects of the nonlinear terms and topography on the modeling of storm surges were then studied. First, the tide–surge interaction during the storm surge process was analyzed. The results show that the tide–surge interaction can suppress the storm surge at the climax of the astronomical tide and benefit the growth of the storm surge at the ebb of the astronomical tide. The tidal constituents M2, S2 and K1 were added to analyze the influences of the amplitudes and periods of tides on the nonlinear reaction. The results indicate that the nonlinear effect will be enhanced by an increased tidal height; additionally, the nonlinear interaction of semidiurnal tides is more significant than that of diurnal tides. The semidiurnal fluctuation that appears near the peak-value time is also attributed to the tide–surge interaction. Moreover, the tide–surge interaction can be influenced by the water depth and position of the area of interest. According to the numerical results, topography has a certain impact on the storm surge: The peak value of the storm surge will decrease with increasing slope. The existence of the Ryukyu Islands reduces the area influenced by the storm surge on the southeast coast of China but expands the high-value storm surge area.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their constructive suggestions to greatly improve the article. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China [Grant Numbers 2017YFC1404000 and 2017YFA0604100] and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant Numbers 41876086 and 41625021].
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Zhang, X., Chu, D. & Zhang, J. Effects of nonlinear terms and topography in a storm surge model along the southeastern coast of China: a case study of Typhoon Chan-hom. Nat Hazards 107, 551–574 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04595-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04595-y