Abstract
National capital of India, Delhi is under moderate to high seismic hazard due to active regional faults such as the Mahendragarh fault, the Delhi Haridwar fault, the Sohna fault, the Delhi Meerut fault and the Rajasthan boundary fault. In addition, Delhi is also located within 200 km radial distance from Main Boundary Thrust and about 300 km distance from the Main Central Thrust which are active seismic sources in the Himalayan belt. Past studies clearly highlighted the seismic hazard potential and role of local soil for Delhi varying from moderate to very high. The present work manifests the attenuation characteristics of lithosphere up to a depth of 90 km beneath Delhi. These attenuation characteristics are obtained collectively based on the attenuation of P, S and coda wave spectrum from the recorded seismograms during nearby earthquakes (EQs) with focal depths (h) of around 10 km, in terms of the frequency (f)-dependent quality factors (Q). Based on the present analysis, obtained P, S and coda wave attenuations are found as \( (93 \pm 26)f^{(0.895 \pm 0.121)} \), \( (162 \pm 33)f^{(0.835 \pm 0.088)} \) and \( (116 \pm 16)f^{(1.029 \pm 0.061)} \), respectively, for Delhi. Seismic wave attenuation determined in this work will be very useful in seismic hazard estimation as well as for development of synthetic ground motion for Delhi for better preparedness during future EQs and thus minimising future EQ damages.
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Abbreviations
- ASCII:
-
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- CNM:
-
Coda normalisation method
- EQ:
-
Earthquake
- MBT:
-
Main Boundary Thrust
- MCT:
-
Main Central Thrust
- N–S:
-
North–south
- PESMOS:
-
Program for Excellence in Strong Motion Studies
- RMS:
-
Root-mean-square
- RMSE:
-
Root-mean-squared error
- \( \eta \) :
-
Frequency-dependent numerical constant
- \( \gamma \) :
-
Geometrical spreading factor
- \( \varphi \) :
-
Incident angle of S wave
- \( A_{c} \left( {f,t} \right) \) :
-
Amplitude of coda wave
- \( A_{n} (f) \) :
-
Anelastic whole path attenuation factor
- \( A_{p} \left( {f,r} \right) \) :
-
Amplitude of P wave
- \( A_{s} \left( {f,r} \right) \) :
-
Amplitude of S wave
- \( A_{x} \left( f \right) \) :
-
Fourier amplitude spectrum
- \( b_{w} \) :
-
Bandwidth
- \( C\left( f \right) \) :
-
Coda source factor
- \( C_{w} \) :
-
Coda window length
- f :
-
Frequency
- \( f_{c} \) :
-
Central frequency
- \( f_{\text{l}} \) :
-
Lower cut-off frequency
- \( f_{u} \) :
-
Upper cut-off frequency
- \( G \) :
-
Geometric attenuation factor
- \( G_{i} \) :
-
Gain of filter
- \( G\left( f \right) \) :
-
Site amplification factor for coda wave
- \( G\left( {f,\varphi } \right) \) :
-
Site amplification factor for S wave
- h :
-
Focal depth
- \( I\left( f \right) \) :
-
Instrumental response
- \( M_{w} \) :
-
Magnitude
- \( n \) :
-
Filter order
- \( P\left( f \right) \) :
-
Upper crust attenuation factor
- \( P\left( {f,t} \right) \) :
-
Coda excitation factor
- Q :
-
Quality factor
- \( Q_{o} \) :
-
Quality factor at 1 Hz
- \( Q_{c} \left( f \right) \) :
-
Quality factor for coda wave
- \( Q_{c}^{ - 1} \) :
-
Coda wave attenuation
- \( Q_{p} \left( f \right) \) :
-
Quality factor for P wave
- \( Q_{p}^{ - 1} \) :
-
P wave attenuation
- \( Q_{s} \left( f \right) \) :
-
Quality factor for S wave
- \( Q_{s}^{ - 1} \) :
-
S wave attenuation
- R :
-
Hypocentral distance
- \( R_{\theta \varphi } \) :
-
Source radiation factor
- \( R^{2} \) :
-
Coefficient of determination
- \( S/N \) :
-
Signal-to-noise ratio
- \( S\left( f \right) \) :
-
Source factor
- \( S_{p} \left( f \right) \) :
-
Source spectral amplitude of P wave
- \( S_{s} \left( f \right) \) :
-
Source spectral amplitude of S wave
- \( S_{w} \) :
-
Sliding window length
- \( t \) :
-
Lapse time
- \( t_{p} \) :
-
P wave arrival time
- \( t_{s} \) :
-
S wave arrival time
- \( t_{w} \) :
-
Length of time window
- \( V\left( f \right) \) :
-
Upper crust amplification factor
- \( V_{p} \) :
-
Average P wave velocity
- \( V_{s} \) :
-
Average S wave velocity
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the INSPIRE Faculty programme by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for the funding project “Propagation path characterization and determination of in situ slips along different active faults in the Shillong Plateau” ref. no. DST/INSPIRE/04/2014/002617 [IFA14-ENG-104] and for providing necessary motivation and support for the present study.
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Banerjee, S., Kumar, A. Determination of seismic wave attenuation in Delhi, India, towards quantification of regional seismic hazard. Nat Hazards 92, 1039–1064 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3238-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3238-7