Abstract
Critical infrastructures are essential for the society and economy. In recent years, climate change has been identified as an urgent and growing threat to critical infrastructures, and many studies have been conducted to assess the vulnerability of critical infrastructures to climate change. However, despite these research efforts, the vulnerability of critical infrastructures is often vaguely defined and inconsistently studied in the literature. This paper proposes a framework to analyze critical infrastructure’s vulnerability to climate change based on the traditional vulnerability/sustainability framework and hazard-of-place model of vulnerability. The vulnerability assessment of emergency services to sea level rise and storm surge in Collier County, Florida, is taken as an example to validate the proposed framework. Flood simulation, comparisons of storm surge models, spatial analysis, and network-based service area analysis are conducted to assess the vulnerability of fire stations in the case study area. The vulnerability assessment identifies the predominant hazard risk and the exposed infrastructures, analyzes the sensitivity of serviceability, and evaluates the effectiveness of potential adaptive capacity. The results show that the fire stations in the case study area are more vulnerable to the potential landfall and changes in hurricane and tropical cyclone patterns compared to the flooding caused directly by sea level rise. It indicates that the lack of consideration of potential landfall and changes in storms could greatly underestimate the vulnerability to climate change, especially in coastal areas with limited historical tidal data. The analysis also illustrates the current floodplain management that focuses primarily on the 100-year flood may not be a sufficient standard for all regions given the potential changes in frequency and magnitude of climate-related hazards. Finally, it confirms that disaster risk management strategies could also contribute to climate change adaptation. The weak linkages between existing climate change adaptation and disaster risk management need to be strengthened. The proposed concept and framework could be generalized and expanded to other critical infrastructures, regions, and climate-related hazards.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Glob Environ Change 16(3):268–281
Adger WN, Vincent K (2005) Uncertainty in adaptive capacity. CR Geosci 337:399–410
Agbley S (2009) Towards the efficient probabilistic characterization of tropical cyclone-generated storm surge hazards under stationary and non-stationary conditions. Ph.D. dissertation, Old Dominion University, p 151
Aguirre BE (2007) Dialectics of vulnerability and resilience. Georget J Poverty Law Policy 14:39
Amec Forster Wheeler (2015) Collier county floodplain management plan. http://www.colliergov.net/index.aspx?page=1671
Beatley T (2012) Planning for coastal resilience: best practices for calamitous times. Island Press, Washington
Bender MA, Knutson TR, Tuleya RE, Sirutis JJ, Vecchi GA, Garner ST, Held IM (2010) Modeled impact of anthropogenic warming on the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes. Science 327(5964):454–458
Bloetscher F, Romah T, Berry L, Hammer NH, Cahill MA (2012) Identification of physical transportation infrastructure vulnerable to sea level rise. J Sustain Dev 5(12):40
Birkmann J (2006) Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: conceptual frameworks and definitions. Meas Vulnerability Nat Hazards Towards Disaster Resil Soc 1:9–54
Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I, Wisner B (1994) At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. Routledge, London
Boin A, McConnell A (2007) Preparing for critical infrastructure breakdowns: the limits of crisis management and the need for resilience. J Conting Crisis Manag 15(1):50–59
Bono F, Gutierrez E (2011) A network-based analysis of the impact of structural damage on urban accessibility following a disaster: the case of the seismically damaged Port Au Prince and Carrefour urban road networks. J Transp Geogr 19(6):1443–1455
Burkett (2002) Potential impacts of climate change and variability on transportation in the Gulf Coast/Mississippi Delta Region. The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Transportation. Federal Research Partnership Workshop Summary and Discussion Papers. DOT Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting
Cardona OD (2004) The need for rethinking the concepts of vulnerability and risk from a holistic perspective: a necessary review and criticism for effective risk management. In: Bankoff G, Frerks G, Hilhorst D (eds) Mapping Vulnerability: disasters, development and people, chap 3. Earthscan Publishers, London, pp 1–17
Condon AJ, Sheng YP (2012a) Optimal storm generation for evaluation of the storm surge inundation threat. Ocean Eng 43:13–22
Condon AJ, Sheng YP (2012b) Evaluation of coastal inundation hazard for present and future climates. Nat Hazards 62:2. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9996-0
Crabbé P, Robin M (2006) Institutional adaptation of water resource infrastructures to climate change in Eastern Ontario. Clim Change 78(1):103–133
Cutter SL (1996) Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Prog Hum Geogr 20(4):529–539
Cutter SL, Mitchell JT, Scott MS (2000) Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: a case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Ann As Am Geogr 90(4):713–737
Cutter SL, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C, Evans E, Tate E, Webb J (2008) A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Glob Environ Change 18(4):598–606
Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2006) Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Hazards, Vulnerability, and Environmental Justice, pp 115–132
Ertugay K, Duzgun HSB (2006) Integrating physical accessibility of emergency establishments into earthquake risk assessment. In: ECI conference: geohazards—technical, economical and social risk evaluation, 18–21 June 2006, Lillehammer. Paper 45
Federal Emergency Management Agency (2003) Guidelines and specifications for FEMA flood hazard mapping partners, vol 1, flood studies and mapping. Washington
Feng X (2013) Comparison of inundation maps based on historical storm dataset and statistically modelled storm dataset. Master thesis, University of Florida
Füssel HM, Klein RJ (2006) Climate change vulnerability assessments: an evolution of conceptual thinking. Clim Change 75(3):301–329
Heberger M, Cooley H, Herrera P, Gleick PH, Moore E (2009) The impacts of sea-level rise on the California coast. No. CEC-500-2009-024-F. Oakland: Pacific Institute
Houston JR, Dean RG (2011) Sea-level acceleration based on US tide gauges and extensions of previous global-gauge analyses. J Coastal Res 27(3):409–417
IAFC (2015) IAFC position: fire-based emergency medical services. http://www.iafc.org/IAFC-position-Fire-based-Emergency-Medical-Services
Jacob KH, Gornitz V, Rosenzweig C (2007) Vulnerability of the New York City metropolitan area to coastal hazards, including sea-level rise: inferences for urban coastal risk management and adaptation policies. In: McFadden L, Nicholls RJ, Penning-Roswell E (eds) Managing coastal vulnerability, Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp 61–88
Jenelius E (2009) Network structure and travel patterns: explaining the geographical disparities of road network vulnerability. J Transp Geogr 17:234–244
Jenelius E, Mattsson LG (2012) Road network vulnerability analysis of area-covering disruptions: a grid-based approach with case study. Transp Res Part A 46:746–760
Karl TR, Melillo JM, Peterson TC (eds) (2009) Global climate change impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kinsella Y, McGuire F (2005) Climate change uncertainty and the state highway network: a moving target. In: New Zealand Institute Highway Technology and Transit New Zealand Symposium 7th
Kirshen PH, Ruth M, Anderson W, Lakshmanan TR (2004) Infrastructure systems, services, and climate change: integrated impacts and response strategies for the Boston metropolitan area (CLIMB Final Report). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington
Knapp KR, Kruk MC, Levinson DH, Diamond HJ, Neumann CJ (2010) The international best track archive for climate stewardship (IBTrACS): unifying tropical cyclone best track data. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 91:363–376
Knutson TR, Sirutis JJ, Garner ST, Vecchi GA, Held IM (2008) Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions. Nat Geosci 1:359–364
Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J, Emanuel K, Holland G, Landsea C, Sugi M (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat Geosci 3(3):157–163
Kousky C (2012) Informing climate adaptation: a review of the economic costs of natural disasters, their determinants, and risk reduction options. Resources for the future discussion paper, 12-28
Lue E, Wilson JP (2016) Mapping fires and American Red Cross aid using demographic indicators of vulnerability. Disasters. doi:10.1111/disa.12198
Macaulay T (2008) Critical infrastructure: understanding its component parts, vulnerabilities, operating risks, and interdependencies. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Murray AT, Grubesic T (eds) (2007) Critical infrastructure: reliability and vulnerability. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin
National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC) (2008) Potential impacts of climate change on US transportation. Transportation Research Board Special Report 290. Transportation Research Board, Washington
Niedoroda AW, Resio DT, Toro GR, Divoky D, Das HS, Reed CW (2010) Analysis of the coastal Mississippi storm surge hazard. Ocean Eng 37(1):82–90
Peduzzi P (2005) Is climate change increasing the frequency of hazardous events? Environ Poverty Times 3:7
Peterson TC, McGuirk M, Houston TG, Horvitz AH, Wehner MF (2008) Climate variability and change with implications for transportation. National Research Council, Washington, p 90. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290Many.pdf
Pinter N (2005) One step forward, two steps back on US floodplains. Science 308(5719):207
Prasad S (2016) Assessing the need for evacuation assistance in the 100 year floodplain of South Florida. Appl Geogr 67:67–76
Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) (2013) Critical infrastructure security and resilience. PPD-21, Released 12 Feb 2013. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil. Accessed 29 May 2016
Robles RJ, Choi MK, Cho ES, Kim SS, Park GC, Lee J (2008) Common threats and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructures. Int J Control Autom 1(1):17–22
Rübbelke D, Vögele S (2011) Impacts of climate change on European critical infrastructures: the case of the power sector. Environ Sci Policy 14(1):53–63
Sato N, Robeson SM (2006) Climate change and its potential impact on winter-road maintenance: temporal trends in hazardous temperature days in the United States and Canada. In: TRB 85th annual meeting, Washington, 22 Jan 2006
Savonis MJ, Burkett V, Potter JR (2008) Impacts of climate change and variability on transportation systems and infrastructure: Gulf coast study, Phase I. U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC
Schneider SH, Semenov S, Patwardhan A, Burton I, Magadza CHD, Oppenheimer M, Pittock AB, Rahman A, Smith JB, Suarez A, Yamin F (2007) Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 779–810
Skiena S (1990) Dijkstra’s algorithm. Implementing discrete mathematics: combinatorics and graph theory with mathematica. Addison-Wesley, Reading, pp 225–227
Smit B, Wandel J (2006) Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Glob Environ Change 16(3):282–292
Smith D (2004) Shortcomings in the 1 % chance flood standard. Reducing flood losses: is the 1 % chance (100-year) flood standard sufficient? Gilbert F. White National Flood Policy Forum 2004 Assembly. National Academies Keck Center, Washington, 21–22 Sept 2004
Suarez P, Anderson W, Mahal V, Lakshmanan TR (2005) Impacts of flooding and climate change on urban transportation: a systemwide performance assessment of the Boston Metro Area. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 10(3):231–244
Tang HS, Steven I, Chien J, Temimi M, Blain CA, Ke Q, Kraatz S (2013a) Vulnerability of population and transportation infrastructure at the east bank of Delaware Bay due to coastal flooding in sea-level rise conditions. Nat Hazards 69(1):141–163
Tang Z, Dai Z, Fu X, Li X (2013b) Content analysis for the US coastal states’ climate action plans in managing the risks of extreme climate events and disasters. Ocean Coast Manag 80:46–54
Tebaldi C, Strauss BH, Zervas CE (2012) Modelling sea level rise impacts on storm surges along US coasts. Environ Res Lett 7(1):014032
Thomalla F, Downing T, Spanger-Siegfried E, Han G, Rockström J (2006) Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation. Disasters 30(1):39–48
Toro GR, Niedoroda AW, Reed CW, Divoky D (2010a) Quadrature-based approach for the efficient evaluation of surge hazard. Ocean Eng 37(1):114–124
Toro GR, Resio DT, Divoky D, Niedoroda AW, Reed C (2010b) Efficient joint-probability methods for hurricane surge frequency analysis. Ocean Eng 37(1):125–134
Turner BL II, Kasperson RE, Matson P, McCarthy JJ, Corell RW, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson JX, Luers A, Martello ML, Polsky C, Pulsipher A, Schiller A (2003) Framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8074–8079
US Army Corps of Engineers (2011) Sea-level change considerations for civil works programs. Engineering circular 1165-2-212
Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York
Wright K, Hogan C (2008) The potential impacts of global sea level rise on transportation infrastructure. ICF International. http://climate.dot.gov/impacts-adaptations/pdf/entire.pdf. Accessed 27 June 2016
Yoon DK (2012) Assessment of social vulnerability to natural disasters: a comparative study. Nat Hazards 63(2):823–843
Acknowledgments
Collier County Bureau of Emergency Services Division (BES) and Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) have provided data and help to support the case study. In particular, the authors would like to thank Richard Zyvoloski from Bureau of Emergency Services, Brandy Otero and Lorraine Lantz from Metropolitan Planning Organization for their help. However, any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Collier County BES or MPO.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shen, S., Feng, X. & Peng, Z.R. A framework to analyze vulnerability of critical infrastructure to climate change: the case of a coastal community in Florida. Nat Hazards 84, 589–609 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2442-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2442-6