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Environmental effects of the December 28, 1908, Southern Calabria–Messina (Southern Italy) earthquake

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Abstract

The review of all available contemporary documents, i.e., technical and photographic reports, newspapers, and other archive material, of the 1908, M 7.1, Messina–Reggio Calabria earthquake has allowed to recognize and classify a large number (365) of independent environmental effects of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami. The effects have been categorized as slope movement, ground settlement, ground vertical movement and coastal retreat, liquefaction, ground crack, hydrological anomaly, gas emission, light, and rumble. No undisputable evidence of surface faulting has been pointed out. Nevertheless, the widespread and rather homogeneous subsidence of the coastal area of Messina (40–70 cm) might have been caused by slip along a NNE–SSW-trending, east-dipping fault, corresponding to the here proposed Messina Lineament. Likewise, slips along the Reggio Calabria, Armo and Motta San Giovanni faults, suggested by coastal subsidence and slides, ground cracks, and leveling data, cannot be ruled out. A large part of the achieved information has allowed to evaluate the epicentral intensity and local intensities at 74 sites, by applying the environmental seismic intensity scale ESI 2007. This study has led to the most comprehensive picture of the distribution and characteristics of coseismic environmental effects of that earthquake, a crucial knowledge to better estimate the future impact of a similar earthquake on a region that has seen a broad, and often poorly concerned, urban and infrastructural development since then.

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Newspapers, Magazines and Official Gazettes containing information reported in the Appendix

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  • Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d’Italia, 1909.01.22, n. 18, Roma

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  • Giornale di Sicilia, 1908.12.30/31, Palermo 1908

  • Giornale di Sicilia, 1908.12.31/1909.01.01, Palermo 1909

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  • La Domenica del Corriere, 1909.01.17/24, Milano 1909

  • L’Ora, 1908.12.28, Palermo 1908

  • L’Ora, 1908.12.29, Palermo 1908

  • L’Ora, 1908.12.30, Palermo 1908

  • L’Ora, 1908.12.31, Palermo 1908

  • L’Ora, 1909.01.01, Palermo 1909

  • L’Ora, 1909.01.02, Palermo 1909

  • L’Ora, 1909.01.07, Palermo 1909

  • L’Ora, 1909.01.10, Palermo 1909

  • The Daily Review, 1908.12.30, Hayward (California – U.S.A.)

  • The Evening News, 1908.12.29, Ada (Oklahoma – U.S.A.)

  • The Sun, 1908.12.31, Lowell (Massachusetts – U.S.A.)

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful criticisms and suggestions that significantly contributed improving the manuscript and the Italian parliamentary library’s office for information and public relations, for the support in finding the original documents.

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    V. Comerci, E. Vittori, A. M. Blumetti, E. Brustia, P. Di Manna, L. Guerrieri, M. Lucarini & L. Serva

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Comerci, V., Vittori, E., Blumetti, A.M. et al. Environmental effects of the December 28, 1908, Southern Calabria–Messina (Southern Italy) earthquake. Nat Hazards 76, 1849–1891 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1573-x

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