Abstract
Global demand for mobility is increasing and the environmental impact of transport has become an important issue in transportation network planning and decision-making, as well as in the operational management phase. Suitable methods are required to assess emissions and fuel consumption reduction strategies that seek to improve energy efficiency and furthering decarbonization. This study describes the development and application of an improved modeling framework – the HERA (Highway EneRgy Assessment) methodology – that enables to assess the energy and carbon footprint of different highways and traffic flow scenarios and their comparison. HERA incorporates an average speed consumption model adjusted with a correction factor which takes into account the road gradient. It provides a more comprehensive method for estimating the footprint of particular highway segments under specific traffic conditions. It includes the application of the methodology to the Spanish highway network to validate it. Finally, a case study shows the benefits from using this methodology and how to integrate the objective of carbon footprint reductions into highway design, operation and scenario comparison.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Affum J, Brown A, Chan Y (2003) Integrating air pollution modelling with scenario testing in road transport planning: the TRAEMS approach. Sci Total Environ 312(1–3):1–14. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00192-X
Ando N, Taniguchi E (2006) Travel time reliability in vehicle routing and scheduling with time windows. Netw Spat Econ 6(3–4):293–311. doi:10.1007/s11067-006-9285-8
Andre M (2004) The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions. Sci Total Environ 334:73–84. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.070
Andre M, Hammarstrom U (2000) Driving speeds in Europe for pollutant emissions estimation. Transp Res Part D-Transp Environ 5(5):321–335. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00002-X
Banister D (2012) Transport and economic development: reviewing the evidence. Transp Rev 32(1):1–2. doi:10.1080/01441647.2011.603283
Bellasio R, Bianconi R, Corda G, Cucca P (2007) Emission inventory for the road transport sector in Sardinia (Italy). Atmos Environ 41(4):677–691. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.017
Bennet CR, Greenwood ID (2001) Modelling road user and environmental effects in HDM-4. World Road Association (PIARC), Paris/The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Boriboonsomsin K, Barth M (2009) Impacts of Road Grade on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Evidenced by Use of Advanced Navigation Systems. Transp Res Rec 2139:21–30. doi:10.3141/2139-03
Borken J, Knörr W, Höpfner U (2000) Energy consumption and pollutant emissions from road transport in Belgium 1980 to 2020. Insitut für Energie und Umweltforschung Heidelberg (IFEU), Heidelberg
Burón JM, Aparicio F, Izquierdo Ó, Gómez Á, López I (2005) Estimation of the input data for the prediction of road transportation emissions in Spain from 2000 to 2010 considering several scenarios. Atmos Environ 39(30):5585–5596. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.013
Chi G, Stone B (2005) Sustainable transport planning: Estimating the ecological footprint of vehicle travel in future years. J Urban Plan Dev-Asce 131(3):170–180. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:3(170)
CiceroFernandez P, Long J, Winer A (1997) Effects of grades and other loads on on-road emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 47(8):898–904
Colberg C, Tona B, Stahel W, Meier M, Staehelin J (2005) Comparison of a road traffic emission model (HBEFA) with emissions derived from measurements in the Gubrist road tunnel, Switzerland. Atmos Environ 39(26):4703–4714. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.020
Commission E (2010) EU energy and transport in Figures 2010. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
De Ceuster G, van Herbrugger B, Logghe S, Proost S, Leuven K (2004). TREMOVE 2.2 model and baseline description. Final Report, European Commission. http://www.tremove.org
Dijkema MBA, van der Zee SC, Brunekreef B, van Strien RT (2008) Air quality effects of an urban highway speed limit reduction. Atmos Environ 42(40):9098–9105. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.039
Fomunung I, Washington S, Guensler R, Bachman W (2001) Validation of the MEASURE automobile emissions model: a statistical analysis. Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Automotive Emissions 65
Gkatzoflias D, Kouridis C, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z (2007) COPERT 4: COmputer Program to calculate Emissions from Road Transport User Manual (Version 5.0). European Environment Agency and Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics. Thessaloniki, Greece. http://www.emisia.com/docs/tech01.pdf
Hassel D, Weber F (1997) Estimation of pollutant emissions from transport: gradient influence on emission and consumption behaviour of light and heavy duty vehicles. Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emission from Transport: MEET, COST 319 final report
Hernandez S, Monzon A, Sobrino N (2013). Decarbonization of toll plazas: impact assessment of toll collection system management. Transport Research Board 2013 Annual Meeting, Washington D.C. 13–2687
Hickman J, Hassel D, Jourmard R, Samaras Z, Sorenson S (1999) Methodology for calculating transport emissions and energy consumption. Transport Research Laboratory. United Kingdom. http://www.inrets.fr/ur/lte/cost319/M22.pdf
Ison S, Wall S (2003) Market-and-non-market-based approaches to traffic-related pollution: the perception of key stakeholders. Int J Transp Manag 1(3):133–143. doi:10.1016/S1471-4051(03)00003-X
Kitthamkesorn S, Chen A, Xu X, Ryu S (2013) Modeling mode and route similarities in network equilibrium problem with go-green modes. Netw Spat Econ. doi:10.1007/s11067-013-9201-y
Koorey G (2009) Road data aggregation and sectioning considerations for crash analysis. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 2103(08):61–68
Lapillonne B, Sebi C, Pollier K (2012) Energy Efficiency Trends in the Transport Sector in the EU, Lessons from the ODYSSEE MURE project. http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/PDF/transport-energy-efficiency-trends.pdf
Lenzen M (1999) Total requirements of energy and greenhouse gases for Australian transport. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 4(4):265–290. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00009-7
Li ZC, Wang YD, Lam WHK, Sumalee A, Choi K (2013) Design of sustainable cordon toll pricing schemes in a monocentric city. Netw Spat Econ. doi:10.1007/s11067-013-9209-3
Logghe S, Van Herbruggen B, Van Zeebroeck B (2006) Emissions of road traffic in Belgium. FEBIAC, FDT Mobility and Transport, Transport and Mobility Leuven, Belgium. https://www.mobilit.fgov.be/data/mobil/emrotra.pdf
Lopez E, Monzon A, Pfaffenbichler PC (2012) Assessment of energy efficiency and sustainability scenarios in the transport system. Eur Transp Res Rev 4(1):47–56
Lumbreras J, Guijarro A, Lopez J, Rodriguez E (2009) Methodology to quantify the effects of policies and measures in emission reductions from road transport. Urban Transport XV: Urban Transport and Environment, Bologna
Mendiluce M, Schipper L (2011) Trends in passenger transport and freight energy use in Spain. Energy Pol 39(10):6466–6475. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.048
Mensik C, De Vlieger I, Nys J (2000) An urban transport emission model for the Antwerp area. Atmos Environ 34(27):4595–4602. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00215-6
MF (2010) Spanish Traffic Map 2009, Direccion General de Carreteras. Ministerio de Fomento MF, Madrid
Monzon A, Sobrino N, Hernandez S (2012) Energy- and Environmentally Efficient Road Management: The Case of the Spanish Motorway Network. Procedia - Soc Biol Sci 48:287–296
Namdeo A, Mitchell G, Dixon R (2002) TEMMS: An integrated package for modeling and mapping urban traffic emissions and air quality. Environ Model Softw 17(2):177–188
Nökel K, Schmidt M (2002) Parallel DYNEMO: Meso-scopic traffic flow simulation on large networks. Netw Spat Econ 2(4):387–403. doi:10.1023/A:1020851612407
Ntziachristos L, Mellios G, Kouridis C, Papageorgiou T, Theodosopoulou M, Samaras Z, Zierock K, Kouvaritakis N, Panos E, Karkatsoulis P, Schilling S, Merétei T, Bodor P, Damjanovic S, Petit A (2008) European Database of Vehicle Stock for the Calculation and Forecast of Pollutant and Greenhouse Gases Emissions with TREMOVE and COPERT: Final Report. Laboratory of Applied Thermodinamics, Thessaloniki, Greece. http://www.emisia.com/docs/08.RE.0009.V2%20-%20Fleets_Final.pdf
OECD, ITF (2010) Reducing transport greenhouse gas emissions: Trends and data 2010. Paris. http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/10GHGCountry.pdf. Accessed August 2012
Pandey D, Agrawal M, Pandey JS (2011) Carbon footprint: current methods of estimation. Environ Monit Assess 178(1–4):135–160. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1678-y
Panis LI, Beckx C, Broekx S, De Vlieger I, Schrooten L, Degraeuwe B, Pelkmans L (2011) PM, NOx and CO2 emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe. Transp Policy 18(1):32–37. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.05.005
Park S, Rakha H (2006) Energy and environmental impacts of roadway grades. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 1987(1):148–160
Pierson W, Gertler A, Robinson N, Sagebiel J, Zielinska B, Bishop G, Stedman D, Zweidinger R, Ray W (1996) Real-world automotive emissions - Summary of studies in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels. Atmos Environ 30(12):2233–2256
Saija S, Romano D (2002) A methodology for the estimation of road transport air emissions in urban areas of Italy. Atmos Environ 36(34):5377–5383
Shuangjian J, Chengcheng H, Yanwei L, Qunle D (2011) Establishing the CO2 emission model of carbon neutral road based on gradient. 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, ICECE 2011 –Proceedings, 4494–4497
Silva CM, Farias TL, Frey HC, Rouphail NM (2006) Evaluation of numerical models for simulation of real-world hot-stabilized fuel consumption and emissions of gasoline light-duty vehicles. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 11(5):377–385. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2006.07.004
Smit R, Smokers R, Rabe E (2007) A new modeling approach for road traffic emissions: VERSIT. Transp Res Part D-Transp and Environ 12(6):414–422
Smit R, Poelman M, Schrijver J (2008) Improved road traffic emission inventories by adding mean speed distributions. Atmos Environ 42(5):916–926. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.026
Smit R, Ntziachristos L, Boulter P (2010) Validation of road vehicle and traffic emission models - A review and meta-analysis. Atmos Environ 44(25):2943–2953. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.022
Sobrino N, Monzon A (2013) Management of urban mobility to control climate change in cities. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Transport Research Board 2013 Annual Meeting, Washington D.C. 13–1470
Szeto WY, Jaber X, Wong SC (2013a) Road network equilibrium approaches to environmental sustainability. Transp Rev 32(4):491–518. doi:10.1080/01441647.2012.690000
Szeto WY, Jiang Y, Wang DZW, Sumalee A (2013b) A sustainable road network design problem with land use transportation interaction over time. Netw Spat Econ. doi:10.1007/s11067-013-9191-9
Taylor NB (2003) The CONTRAM dynamic traffic assignment model. Netw Spat Econ 3(3):297–322. doi:10.1023/A:1025394201651
Tsang KS, Hung WT, Cheung CS (2011) Emissions and fuel consumption of a Euro 4 car operating along different routes in Hong Kong. Transp Res Part D-Transp Environ 16(5):415–422. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2011.02.004
U.S.EPA (2002) MOBILE6 Vehicle Emission Modeling Software, EPA-420-R-02-001, United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm . Accessed May 2013
U.S.EPA (2009) MOVES2010a Mobile Source Emissions Model Update, EPA-420-B-09-041, United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/420b09041.pdf. Accessed May 2013
UNFCC (1998) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Valackiene A, Miceviciene D, Sandbaek M (2006) Development of transport infrastructure: dimensional analysis of economic effects. In Changes in Social and Business Environment: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference: 210–213
Wackernagel M, Rees WE (1996) Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. New Society Publishers, Canada
Acknowledgments
The HERA tool forms part of the OASIS project funded by the CENIT research program (CEN-20081016) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors would also like to thank the Dirección General de Tráfico (DGT), the AP-66 toll motorway operator AVASA, the Institute for Automobile Research (INSIA) for their contribution in obtaining the on-board measurements, and all reviewers for their valuable comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sobrino, N., Monzon, A. & Hernandez, S. Reduced Carbon and Energy Footprint in Highway Operations: The Highway Energy Assessment (HERA) Methodology. Netw Spat Econ 16, 395–414 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-014-9225-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-014-9225-y