Abstract
Road traffic congestion is an increasing problem in urban areas. Building new roads often attracts latent demand and turns parts of the city into building sites for several years. Policy measures that stimulate more effective use of the existing network, such as variable road pricing, are therefore becoming increasingly popular among policy makers and citizens. These measures are often aimed at changing the temporal distribution of traffic. Yet transportation models taking departure time choice into account are rare. This paper describes the implementation of an urban transportation application for Stockholm, which includes departure time choice, mode choice and time dependent network assignment. Through iterations between demand and supply the objective of the transportation model is to forecast effects of congestion charges, intelligent transport systems and infrastructure investments on departure time choice. The complexity of large-scale departure time choice modelling and dynamic traffic assignment is high, which results in very long run times. Therefore, research on how to increase model efficiency is needed. This paper describes choices made in the implementation for a more efficient model.
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Notes
For more information about the congestion charging system see the homepage of the Swedish Road Administration under “Congestion tax in Stockholm”: http://www.vv.se (2008-11-07).
The reasons for not modelling the whole day are the very long computational run times and that the demand model is estimated on trips not tours, which in its turn is due to the limited scope of the travel behaviour survey conducted at the start of the project.
By “mean travel duration” is here meant the same as the more commonly used term “mean travel time”. Duration is used to clearly distinguish between a point in time and a time span. This distinction is important in discussions related to departure time choice.
The common term is schedule delay early (late), but in this paper deviation will be used instead of delay, since for many traffic engineers delay is defined as extra travel duration in addition to the travel duration under free-flow conditions. Departing earlier than ones preferred departure time results in SDE but not necessarily delay as it is commonly used.
These are pseudo random numbers generated with the command randn in Matlab and transformed from the normal distribution to Johnson′s S B distribution.
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Acknowledgements
This project is founded by SRA (the Swedish Road Administration) and VINNOVA (the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems). We would like to thank Staffan Algers, Andrew Daly, Maria Börjesson, Jonas Eliasson and Fredrik Davidsson for their advice and fruitful discussions.
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Appendix
Appendix
Travel duration and delay profiles for the different redistribution methods
Convergence in CONTRAM
Demand-supply convergence
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Kristoffersson, I., Engelson, L. A Dynamic Transportation Model for the Stockholm Area: Implementation Issues Regarding Departure Time Choice and OD-pair Reduction. Netw Spat Econ 9, 551–573 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-009-9104-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-009-9104-0