Abstract
Social cognition remains one of the most difficult cognitive domains to assess in diverse populations due to a lack of culturally appropriate tools. This study systematically reviewed literature on neuropsychological tests for social cognition that have been translated, adapted, are cross-cultural, or are assembled for diverse, specifically “Global South,” populations. The aim was to identify assessments appropriate for diverse populations, outline and evaluate their methodological approaches, and provide procedural recommendations for future research. The PRISMA systematic review search strategy produced 10,957 articles, of which 287 were selected for full-text screening. The study had to include a neuropsychological assessment of social cognition. The full text of the resulting 287 articles was then screened; the study had to include a translated, adapted, cross-cultural test, or an assembled test for Global South populations. Eighty-four articles were included in this study: 24 for emotion recognition, 45 for theory of mind, 9 for moral reasoning, and six for social cognition in general. Overall, there were 31 translations, 27 adaptations, 14 cross-cultural tests, and 12 assembled tests for Global South populations. Regarding quality, 35 were of low quality, 27 were of moderate quality, and 22 were high quality. This study provides an overview of social cognition tests modified or assembled for diverse populations and gives examples of methodological procedures. It highlights the variability in procedure quality and provides possible reasons for this variability. Finally, it suggests a need to report rigorous modification and assembly procedure in order to have modified and assembled social cognition tests appropriate for diverse populations.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Wichor Bramer from the Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam for his help in developing the search strategy.
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The study was funded by the IDEX Global Fellowship from Université Paris Cité to Renelle Bourdage. Sanne Franzen and Janne M. Papma are supported by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw Memorabel) (grant number 733050834).
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R.B., P.N., J.P., and S.F. contributed to the development of the theory and design of the review. R.B., P.N., and R.N. contributed to the data collection and data analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the revised manuscript.
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Appendices
Appendix
Search strategy and key terms: complete list of search terms
Embase
(((‘social cognition’/de OR mentalization/de OR ‘theory of mind’/de OR ‘mind reading’/de OR ‘perspective taking’/de OR ‘emotion recognition’/de OR ‘emotion perception’/de OR ‘emotion processing’/de OR ‘social knowledge’/de OR ‘social norm’/de) AND (‘assessment of humans’/de OR questionnaire/exp OR measurement/de)) OR (((social* OR moral*) NEAR/3 (cognition* OR knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR inappropriate* OR appropriate* OR reasoning OR norm* OR processing OR regulation* OR expression* OR awareness*) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((affect* OR emotion*) NEAR/3 (knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR awareness* OR regulation* OR expression*) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((mentali* OR theory-of-mind OR mental-state* OR mind-reading OR mindreading OR perspective-taking OR Faux-Pas) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests))):ab,ti) AND (‘validation process’/de OR ‘validation study’/de OR ‘cultural factor’/de OR (validation* OR validate* OR cultural* OR cross-cultur* OR multicultur* OR multi-cultur* OR validity):ab,ti OR (translation* OR version* OR development OR developed OR creation* OR adaptation* OR design* OR Reliab* OR setting):ti) NOT ([conference abstract]/lim OR [letter]/lim OR [editorial]/lim).
Medline ALL
(((Social Cognition/ OR Social Perception/ OR Mentalization/ OR Theory of Mind/ OR Social Norms/) AND (exp “Surveys and Questionnaires”/)) OR (((social* OR moral*) ADJ3 (cognition* OR knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR inappropriate* OR appropriate* OR reasoning OR norm* OR processing OR regulation* OR expression* OR awareness*) ADJ10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((affect* OR emotion*) ADJ3 (knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR awareness* OR regulation* OR expression*) ADJ10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((mentali* OR theory-of-mind OR mental-state* OR mind-reading OR mindreading OR perspective-taking OR Faux-Pas) ADJ10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests))).ab,ti.) AND (Validation Studies as Topic/ OR (validation* OR validate* OR cultural* OR cross-cultur* OR multicultur* OR multi-cultur* OR validity).ab,ti. OR (translation* OR version* OR development OR developed OR creation* OR adaptation* OR design* OR Reliab* OR setting).ti.) NOT (conference abstract OR letter OR editorial).
PsycInfo
(((Social Cognition/ OR Social Perception/ OR Mentalization/ OR Theory of Mind/ OR Social Norms/) AND (Measurement/ OR exp Questionnaires/)) OR (((social* OR moral*) ADJ3 (cognition* OR knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR inappropriate* OR appropriate* OR reasoning OR norm* OR processing OR regulation* OR expression* OR awareness*) ADJ10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((affect* OR emotion*) ADJ3 (knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR awareness* OR regulation* OR expression*) ADJ10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((mentali* OR theory-of-mind OR mental-state* OR mind-reading OR mindreading OR perspective-taking OR Faux-Pas) ADJ10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests))).ab,ti.) AND (Test Validity/ OR Sociocultural Factors/ OR (validation* OR validate* OR cultural* OR cross-cultur* OR multicultur* OR multi-cultur* OR validity).ab,ti. OR (translation* OR version* OR development OR developed OR creation* OR adaptation* OR design* OR Reliab* OR setting).ti.) NOT (news OR congres* OR abstract* OR book* OR chapter* OR dissertation abstract*).pt.
LILACS
(((‘social cognition’/de OR mentalization/de OR ‘theory of mind’/de OR ‘mind reading’/de OR ‘perspective taking’/de OR ‘emotion recognition’/de OR ‘emotion perception’/de OR ‘emotion processing’/de OR ‘social knowledge’/de OR ‘social norm’/de) AND (‘assessment of humans’/de OR questionnaire/exp OR measurement/de)) OR (((social* OR moral*) NEAR/3 (cognition* OR knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR inappropriate* OR appropriate* OR reasoning OR norm* OR processing OR regulation* OR expression* OR awareness*) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((affect* OR emotion*) NEAR/3 (knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR awareness* OR regulation* OR expression*) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((mentali* OR theory-of-mind OR mental-state* OR mind-reading OR mindreading OR perspective-taking OR Faux-Pas) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests))):ab,ti) AND (‘validation process’/de OR ‘validation study’/de OR ‘cultural factor’/de OR (validation* OR validate* OR cultural* OR cross-cultur* OR multicultur* OR multi-cultur* OR validity):ab,ti OR (translation* OR version* OR development OR developed OR creation* OR adaptation* OR design* OR Reliab* OR setting):ti) NOT ([conference abstract]/lim OR [letter]/lim OR [editorial]/lim).
LIPECS
(((‘social cognition’/de OR mentalization/de OR ‘theory of mind’/de OR ‘mind reading’/de OR ‘perspective taking’/de OR ‘emotion recognition’/de OR ‘emotion perception’/de OR ‘emotion processing’/de OR ‘social knowledge’/de OR ‘social norm’/de) AND (‘assessment of humans’/de OR questionnaire/exp OR measurement/de)) OR (((social* OR moral*) NEAR/3 (cognition* OR knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR inappropriate* OR appropriate* OR reasoning OR norm* OR processing OR regulation* OR expression* OR awareness*) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((affect* OR emotion*) NEAR/3 (knowledge* OR recognition* OR perception* OR processing OR identif* OR awareness* OR regulation* OR expression*) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests)) OR ((mentali* OR theory-of-mind OR mental-state* OR mind-reading OR mindreading OR perspective-taking OR Faux-Pas) NEAR/10 (scale* OR assess* OR questionnaire* OR measure OR measuring OR tool OR tools OR instrument* OR rating OR score OR index OR indices OR scoring OR test OR tests))):ab,ti) AND (‘validation process’/de OR ‘validation study’/de OR ‘cultural factor’/de OR (validation* OR validate* OR cultural* OR cross-cultur* OR multicultur* OR multi-cultur* OR validity):ab,ti OR (translation* OR version* OR development OR developed OR creation* OR adaptation* OR design* OR Reliab* OR setting):ti) NOT ([conference abstract]/lim OR [letter]/lim OR [editorial]/lim).
Africabib, Arabpsynet, KoreaMed Synapse, KPubS, and J-Stage
Key search terms: “social cognition,” “emotion recognition,” “theory of mind,” “empathy,” and “social norms”.
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Bourdage, R., Narme, P., Neeskens, R. et al. An Evaluation of Cross-Cultural Adaptations of Social Cognition Testing: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-023-09616-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-023-09616-0