Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Neuropsychological Features of Lesion-related Epilepsy in Adults: An Overview

  • Published:
Neuropsychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Lesional epilepsy is thought to be a direct consequence of focal brain lesions of dysgenetic, neoplastic, vascular, or traumatic origin. It has been estimated that at least half of all epilepsies are the result of such lesions. The current discussion includes an overview of the cognitive and behavioral presentations in adults with epilepsy secondary to focal pathology. The neuropsychological presentation in this population is influenced by many factors, including the location and nature of the underlying lesion, seizure characteristics, the effects of treatment, and patient variables. Few studies attempt to disentangle the specific contributions of these variables to cognitive performance. However, where available studies examining the separable effects of seizure-related variables on cognitive functioning in individuals with lesional epilepsy are also reviewed. This overview includes a discussion of focal malformations of cortical and vascular development and select foreign tissue and acquired lesions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahles, T. A., Saykin, A. J., Furstenberg, C. T., Cole, B., Mott, L. A., & Skalla, K., et al. (2002). Neuropsychologic impact of standard-dose systemic chemotherapy in long-term survivors of breast cancer and lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(2), 485–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arita, K., Kurisu, K., Iida, K., Hanaya, R., Sugiyama, K., & Akimitsu, T., et al. (2000). Surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy caused by cavernous angioma in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere—Three case reports. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica (Tokyo), 40(8), 439–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, C. L., Gyato, K., & Awadalla, A. W. (2004). A critical review of the clinical effects of therapeutic irradiation damage to the brain: The roots of controversy. Neuropsychology Review, 14(1), 65–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo, S., & Santamaria, J. (1997). What is the relationship between arachnoid cysts and seizure foci? Epilepsia, 38(10), 1098–1102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avila, C., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Parcet, M. A., Geffner, D., & Gonzalez-Darder, J. M. (2001). Implicit word cues facilitate impaired naming performance: Evidence from a case of anomia. Brain and Language, 79(2), 185–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awad, I., & Jabbour, P. (2006). Cerebral cavernous malformations and epilepsy. Neurosurgical Focus, 21(1), e7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. P., McCarter, R. J., & Porter, D. G. (2004). Improvement in cognitive function after right temporal arteriovenous malformation excision. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 18(5), 541–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich, A. J., & Kjos, B. O. (1992a). Nonlissencephalic cortical dysplasias: Correlation of imaging findings with clinical deficits. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 13(1), 95–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich, A. J., Hevner, R., & Guerrini, R. (1999). Syndromes of bilateral symmetrical polymicrogyria. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 20(10), 1814–1821.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich, A. J., & Kjos, B. O. (1992b). Schizencephaly: Correlation of clinical findings with MR characteristics. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 13(1), 85–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich, A. J., Kuzniecky, R. I., Jackson, G. D., Guerrini, R., & Dobyns, W. B. (2001). Classification system for malformations of cortical development: Update 2001. Neurology, 57, 2168–2178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich, A. J., & Raybaud, C. A. (2004). Malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 14(3), 401–423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, W. B., Jaffe, J., Wasserstein, J., Michelson, W. J., & Stein, B. M. (1989). Regional distribution of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Interactions with sex and handedness. Archives of Neurology, 46, 410–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomei, F., Bosma, I., Klein, M., Baayen, J. C., Reijneveld, J. C., & Postma, T. J., et al. (2006). Disturbed functional connectivity in brain tumour patients: Evaluation by graph analysis of synchronization matrices. Clinical neurophysiology, 117(9), 2039–2049.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassetti, C., Bogousslavsky, J., & Regli, F. (1993). Sensory syndromes in parietal stroke. Neurology, 43(10), 1942–1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bast, T., Ramantani, G., Seitz, A., & Rating, D. (2006). Focal cortical dysplasia: Prevalence, clinical presentation and epilepsy in children and adults. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 113(2), 72–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, C. R., Acciarri, N., Bertalanffy, H., Devinsky, O., Elger, C. E., & Lo Russo, G., et al. (2007). Seizure outcome after resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations: A study of 168 patients. Epilepsia, 48(3), 559–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bautista, J. F., Foldvary-Schaefer, N., Bingaman, W. E., & Luders, H. O. (2003). Focal cortical dysplasia and intractable epilepsy in adults: Clinical, EEG, imaging, and surgical features. Epilepsy Research, 55, 131–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, K. J. (1998). Epidemiology and clinical presentation of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 9(3), 435–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benbir, G., Ince, B., & Bozluolcay, M. (2006). The epidemiology of post-stroke epilepsy according to stroke subtypes. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 114(1), 8–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berges, S., Moulin, T., Berger, E., Tatu, L., Sablot, D., & Challier, B., et al. (2000). Seizures and epilepsy following strokes: Recurrence factors. European Neurology, 43(1), 3–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkovic, S. F., Arzimanoglou, A., Kuzniecky, R., Harvey, A. S., Palmini, A., & Andermann, F. (2003). Hypothalamic hamartoma and seizures: A treatable epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia, 44(7), 969–973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigio, E. H., Fontaine, C. S., Dababo, M. A., Prahlow, J. A., Chason, D. P., & Weiner, M. F., et al. (1998). Dementia associated with cortical dysplasia. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin), 95(2), 193–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingaman, W. E. (2004). Surgery for focal cortical dysplasia. Neurology, 62(6 Suppl 3), S30–S34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjeljac, M., Keller, E., Regard, M., & Yonekawa, Y. (2002). Neurological and neuropsychological outcome after SAH. Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 82, 83–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, J. A., McGuinness, G. A., Bale, J. F., & Smith, W. L. (1991). Large postnatally acquired porencephalic cysts: Unexpected developmental outcomes. Journal of Child Neurology, 6(1), 58–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bladin, C. F., Alexandrov, A. V., Bellavance, A., Bornstein, N., Chambers, B., & Cote, R., et al. (2000). Seizures after stroke: A prospective multicenter study. Archives of Neurology, 57(11), 1617–1622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blonder, L. X., Hodes, J. E., Ranseen, J. D., & Schmitt, F. A. (1999). Short-term neuropsychological outcome following Gamma Knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations: A preliminary report. Applied Neuropsychology, 6(3), 181–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogousslavsky, J., Martin, R., Regli, F., Despland, P. A., & Bolyn, S. (1992). Persistent worsening of stroke sequelae after delayed seizures. Archives of Neurology, 49(4), 385–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, R. A., Weir, B. K., Petruk, K. C., & Disney, L. B. (1987). Neuropsychological function in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 21(5), 651–654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borod, J. C., Bloom, R. L., Brickman, A. M., Nakhutina, L., & Curko, E. A. (2002). Emotional processing deficits in individuals with unilateral brain damage. Applied Neuropsychology, 9(1), 23–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. D., Buckner, J. C., O’Fallon, J. R., Iturria, N. L., O’Neill, B. P., & Brown, C. A., et al. (2004). Importance of baseline mini-mental state examination as a prognostic factor for patients with low-grade glioma. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 59(1), 117–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buczacki, S. J., Kirkpatrick, P. J., Seeley, H. M., & Hutchinson, P. J. (2004). Late epilepsy following open surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75(11), 1620–1622.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buklina, S. B. (2005). The corpus callosum, interhemisphere interactions, and the function of the right hemisphere of the brain. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 35(5), 473–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butzkueven, H., Evans, A. H., Pitman, A., Leopold, C., Jolley, D. J., & Kaye, A. H., et al. (2000). Onset seizures independently predict poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology, 55(9), 1315–1320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camilo, O., & Goldstein, L. B. (2004). Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke. Stroke, 35(7), 1769–1775.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cascino, G. D. (1990). Epilepsy and brain tumors: Implications for treatment. Epilepsia, 31(Suppl 3), S37–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catala, M., Pradat, P., Cornu, P., & Lubetzki, C. (1998). A case of epidermoid cyst arising from the rostral neuropore: Case report.

  • Chang, B. S., Ly, J., Appignani, B., Bodell, A., Apse, K. A., & Ravenscroft, R. S., et al. (2005). Reading impairment in the neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia. Neurology, 64(5), 799–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, K., Wyllie, E., Najm, I., Ruggieri, P., Bingaman, W., & Luders, J., et al. (2005). Seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in patients with normal preoperative MRI. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76(5), 710–713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chassoux, F., Devaux, B., & Landre, E., et al. (2000). Stereoelectroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia: A 3D approach to delineating the dysplastic cortex. Brain, 123, 1733–1751.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. L., Leu, C. H., Jan, Y. J., & Shen, C. C. (2006). Intraventricular cavernous hemangioma at the foramen of Monro: Case report and literature review. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 108(6), 604–609.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claassen, J., Peery, S., Kreiter, K. T., Hirsch, L. J., Du, E. Y., & Connolly, E. S., et al. (2003). Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology, 60(2), 208–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clinchot, D. M., Kaplan, P., Murray, D. M., & Pease, W. S. (1994). Cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: Implications for rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75(12), 1342–1351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clusmann, H., Kral, T., Fackeldey, E., Blumcke, I., Helmstaedter, C., & von Oertzen, J., et al. (2004). Lesional mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and limited resections: Prognostic factors and outcome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75(11), 1589–1596.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. S., Zubay, G. P., & Goodman, R. R. (1995). Seizure outcome after lesionectomy for cavernous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 83(2), 237–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Gadol, A. A., Ozduman, K., Bronen, R. A., Kim, J. H., & Spencer, D. D. (2004). Long-term outcome after epilepsy surgery for focal cortical dysplasia. Journal of Neurosurgery, 101(1), 55–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy (1993) Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia, 34(4), 592–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley, F. K., Moses Jr., J. A., & Helle, T. L. (1980). Deficits of higher cortical functioning in two patients with posterior parietal arteriovenous malformations. Use of the standardized Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for pre- and postoperative assessment. Neurosurgery, 7(3), 230–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordonnier, C., Henon, H., Derambure, P., Pasquier, F., & Leys, D. (2007). Early epileptic seizures after stroke are associated with increased risk of new-onset dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 78(5), 514–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correa, D. D., DeAngelis, L. M., Shi, W., Thaler, H. T., Lin, M., & Abrey, L. E. (2007). Cognitive functions in low-grade gliomas: Disease and treatment effects. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 81(2), 175–184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danckert, J., Mirsattari, S. M., Danckert, S., Wiebe, S., Blume, W. T., & Carey, D., et al. (2004). Spared somatomotor and cognitive functions in a patient with a large porencephalic cyst revealed by fMRI. Neuropsychologia, 42, 405–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira, J. G., Rassi-Neto, A., Ferraz, F. A., & Braga, F. M. (2006). Neurosurgical management of cerebellar cavernous malformations. Neurosurgical Focus, 21(1), e11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Reuck, J., Algoed, L., Decoo, D., Boon, P., Van Maele, G., & Strijckmans, K., et al. (1994). Positron emission tomographic study of postinfarction seizures. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 4, 262–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Reuck, J., De Clerck, M., & Van Maele, G. (2006). Vascular cognitive impairment in patients with late-onset seizures after an ischemic stroke. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 108(7), 632–637.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Reuck, J., Hemelsoet, D., & Van Maele, G. (2007). Seizures and epilepsy in patients with a spontaneous intracerebral haematoma. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 109(6), 501–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, P. J. (2001). The Psychopathologies of Attention in Tuberous Sclerosis. University of Cambridge.

  • de Vries, P. J., Humphrey, A., McCartney, D., Prather, P., Bolton, P., & Hunt, A. (2005). Consensus clinical guidelines for the assessment of cognitive and behavioural problems in tuberous sclerosis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(4), 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelis, L. M. (2001). Brain tumors. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(2), 114–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Escueta, A. V., & Porter, R. (1999). Symptomatic lesional epilepsies: Introduction. Advanced Neurology, 79, 3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, J., & Diamond, B. J. (1995). Aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery: A review of neuroanatomical and neuropsychological sequelae. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17(1), 100–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deonna, T., & Roulet, E. (2006). Autistic spectrum disorder: Evaluating a possible contributing or causal role of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 47(Suppl 2), 79–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubeau, F., Tampieri, D., Namsoo, L., Andermann, E., Carpenter, S., & Leblanc, R., et al. (1995). Periventricular and subcortical nodular heterotopia: A study of 33 patients. Brain, 118, 1273–1287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, J., & Shewmon, D. A. (1991). Overview: Who should be considered a surgical candidate? In Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and Its Coverings pp. 23–26. New York: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger, A. B. (1994). Structural causes of epilepsy: Tumors, cysts, stroke, and vascular malformations. Neurologic Clinics, 12(1), 41–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger, A. B., & Kanner, A. M. (Eds.) (2007). Psychiatric issues in epilepsy: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, J. P., Cosgrove, G. R., Villemure, J. G., Meagher-Villemure, K., Tampieri, D., & Melanson, D. (1988). Intracerebral cavernous angiomas. Neurology, 38(11), 1699–1704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faught, E., Peters, D., Bartolucci, A., Moore, L., & Miller, P. C. (1989). Seizures after primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology, 39(8), 1089–1093.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fauser, S., Huppertz, H. J., Bast, T., Strobl, K., Pantazis, G., & Altenmueller, D. M., et al. (2006). Clinical characteristics in focal cortical dysplasia: A retrospective evaluation in a series of 120 patients. Brain, 129(Pt 7), 1907–1916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauser, S., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Honegger, J., Carmona, H., Huppertz, H. J., & Pantazis, G., et al. (2004). Focal cortical dysplasias: Surgical outcome in 67 patients in relation to histological subtypes and dual pathology. Brain, 127(Pt 11), 2406–2418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferro, J. M., & Pinto, F. (2004). Poststroke epilepsy: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Drugs Aging, 21(10), 639–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flint, A. C., & Kriegstein, A. R. (1997). Mechanisms underlying neuronal migration disorders and epilepsy. Current Opinion in Neurology, 10, 92–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frattali, C. M., Liow, K., Craig, G. H., Korenman, L. M., Makhlouf, F., & Sato, S., et al. (2001). Cognitive deficits in children with gelastic seizures and hypothalamic hamartoma. Neurology, 57(1), 43–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friede, R. L. (1989). Developmental Neuropathology. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galaburda, A. M., Sherman, G. F., Rosen, G. D., Aboitiz, F., & Geschwind, N. (1985). Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies. Annals of Neurology, 18(2), 222–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L. B. (1995). Common drugs may influence motor recovery after stroke. The Sygen In Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Neurology, 45(5), 865–871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Tortosa, E., Sychra, J. J., Martin, E. M., Arteaga, M., Gaviria, M., & Pavel, D. G., et al. (1995). Postoperative cognitive and single photon emission computed tomography assessment of patients with resection of perioperative high-risk arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 36(3), 447–457 (Discussion 457–448).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granata, T., Battaglia, G., D’Incerta, L., Franceschetti, S., Spreafico, R., & Savoiardo, M. (Eds.) (1996). Schizencephaly: Clinical findings. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott-Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerreiro, M. M., Hage, S. R., Guimaraes, C. A., Abramides, D. V., Fernandes, W., & Pacheco, P. S., et al. (2002). Developmental language disorder associated with polymicrogyria. Neurology, 59(2), 245–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gundersen, H., Helland, C. A., Raeder, M. B., Hugdahl, K., & Wester, K. (2007). Visual attention in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts. Journal of Neurology, 254(1), 60–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta, F., Battaglia, D., Di Rocca, C., & Caldarelli, M. (2006). Symptomatic epilepsy in children with poroencephalic cysts secondary to perinatal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Child’s Nervous System, 22, 922–930.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. E., O’Callaghan, F. J., Hancock, E., Osborne, J. P., & Bolton, P. F. (1999). Cognitive deficits in normally intelligent patients with tuberous sclerosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88(6), 642–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harsh, G. R. T., Edwards, M. S., & Wilson, C. B. (1986). Intracranial arachnoid cysts in children. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(6), 835–842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, K. V., Mahr, G., & Balon, R. (1995). Psychiatric manifestations of tuberious sclerosis. Psychosomatics, 36, 314–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, D., Schonck, R. S., Avezaat, C. J., Tanghe, H. L., van Gijn, J., & van der Lugt, P. J. (1993). Epileptic seizures after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Annals of Neurology, 33(3), 286–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, W. A., Annegers, J. F., & Kurland, L. T. (1993). Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984. Epilepsia, 34(3), 453–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. M. Heilman & E. Valenstein (Eds.). (2003). Clinical neuropsychology (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Hennessy, M. J., Elwes, R. D., Honavar, M., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Binnie, C. D., & Polkey, C. E. (2001). Predictors of outcome and pathological considerations in the surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy associated with temporal lobe lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70(4), 450–458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, J., Lecaille, C., Perennes, J., & Delattre, J. Y. (2005). Epileptic seizures during follow-up of patients treated for primary brain tumors. Neurology, 65(2), 212–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, S. S., Kuzniecky, R. I., Gilliam, F., Faught, E., Bebin, M., & Morawetz, R. (1997). Congenital porencephaly and hippocampal sclerosis: Clinical features and epileptic spectrum. American Academy of Neurology, 49(5), 1382–1388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huttenlocher, P. R., Taravath, S., & Mojtahedi, S. (1994). Periventricular heterotopia and epilepsy. Neurology, 44, 51–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, B. O., Kreitschmann-Andermahr, I., Mayfrank, L., Rohde, V., Spetzger, U., & Gilsbach, J. M. (1999). Functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 72, 157–174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iida, K., Otsubo, H., Arita, K., Andermann, F., & Olivier, A. (2005). Cortical resection with electrocorticography for intractable porencephaly-related partial epilepsy. Epilepsia, 46(1), 76–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, A. C., Leonard, G., Bastos, A. C., Esposito-Festen, J. E., Tampieri, D., & Watkins, K., et al. (2005). Cognitive functioning in bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP): Clinical and radiological correlations. Epilepsy & Behavior, 6(3), 393–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janszky, J., Ebner, A., Kruse, B., Mertens, M., Jokeit, H., & Seitz, R. J., et al. (2003). Functional organization of the brain with malformations of cortical development. Annals of Neurology, 53(6), 759–767.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janszky, J., Jokeit, H., & Schulz, R., et al. (2000). EEG predicts surgical outcome in lesional frontal lobe epilepsy. Neurology, 54, 1470–1476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joinson, C., O’Callaghan, F. J., Osborne, J. P., Martyn, C., Harris, T., & Bolton, P. F. (2003). Learning disability and epilepsy in an epidemiological sample of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. Psychological Medicine, 33(2), 335–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaim, A., Kirsch, E., Tolnay, M., Steinbrich, W., & Radu, E. W. (1997). Foramen of Monro mass: MRI appearances permit diagnosis of cavernous haemangioma. Neuroradiology, 39(4), 265–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katayama, Y., Tsubokawa, T., Maeda, T., & Yamamoto, T. (1994). Surgical management of cavernous malformations of the third ventricle. Journal of Neurosurgery, 80(1), 64–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keene, D., Olds, J., & Logan, W. J. (2004). Functional MRI study of verbal fluency in a patient with subcortical laminar heterotopia. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 31, 261–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, C. J., Davis, S. M., Tress, B. M., Rossiter, S. C., Hopper, J. L., & Vandendriesen, M. L. (1990). Epileptic seizures in acute stroke. Archives of Neurology, 47(2), 157–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M., Engelberts, N. H., van der Ploeg, H. M., Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D. G., Aaronson, N. K., & Taphoorn, M. J., et al. (2003). Epilepsy in low-grade gliomas: The impact on cognitive function and quality of life. Annals of Neurology, 54(4), 514–520.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M., Heimans, J. J., Aaronson, N. K., van der Ploeg, H. M., Grit, J., & Muller, M., et al. (2002). Effect of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to long-term cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: A comparative study. Lancet, 360(9343), 1361–1368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, B., Levin, B. E., Duchowny, M. S., & Llabr, M. M. (2000). Cognitive outcomes of children with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development. Neurology, 55(2), 230–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M., Taphoorn, M. J., Heimans, J. J., van der Ploeg, H. M., Vandertop, W. P., & Smit, E. F., et al. (2001). Neurobehavioral status and health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19(20), 4037–4047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kloss, S., Pieper, T., Pannek, H., Holthausen, H., & Tuxhorn, I. (2002). Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): Results of long-term seizure outcome. Neuropediatrics, 33(1), 21–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, K., Ohtsuka, Y., Ohno, S., Tanaka, A., Hiraki, Y., & Oka, E. (2001). Age-related clinical and neurophysiologic characteristics of intractable epilepsy associated with cortical malformation. Epilepsia, 42(Suppl 6), 24–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, C. A., Voth, D., Kraemer, G., & Schwarz, M. (1995). Arachnoid cysts: Does surgery improve epileptic seizures and headaches? Neurosurgical Review, 18(3), 173–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kral, T., Clusmann, H., Blumcke, I., Fimmers, R., Ostertun, B., & Kurthen, M., et al. (2003). Outcome of epilepsy surgery in focal cortical dysplasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74(2), 183–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunz, U., Ruckert, N., Tagert, J., & Dietz, H. (1988). Clinical and neuropsycholgical results after operative and conservative treatment of arachnoidal cysts of the perisylvian region. Acta Neurochirurgica, 42, 216–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzniecky, R., Guthrie, B., & Mountz, J., et al. (1997). Intrinsic epileptogenesis of hypothalamic hamartomas in gelastic epilepsy. Annals of Neurology, 42, 60–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzniecky, R., Murro, A., King, D., Morawetz, R., Smith, J., & Powers, R., et al. (1993). Magnetic resonance imaging in childhood intractable partial epilepsies: Pathologic correlations. Neurology, 43, 681–687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laiacona, M., De Santis, A., Barbarotto, R., Basso, A., Spagnoli, D., & Capitani, E. (1989). Neuropsychological follow-up of patients operated for aneurysms of anterior communicating artery. Cortex, 25(2), 261–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, W., Lang, M., Korahuber, A., Gallwitz, A., & Kriebel, J. (1985). Neuropsychological and neuroendocrinological disturbances associated with extracerebral cysts of the anterior and middle cranial fossa. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 235, 38–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, E. S., Coshall, C., Dundas, R., Stewart, J., Rudd, A. G., & Howard, R., et al. (2001). Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population. Stroke, 32(6), 1279–1284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, J. A., Birchansky, S., & Pacheco, E., et al. (2005). Distinct clinical opathologic subtypes of cortical dysplasia of Taylor. Neurology, 64, 55–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, R. M. (2001). Neuropsychological function and brain arteriovenous malformations: Redefining eloquence as a risk for treatment. Neurosurgical Focus, 11, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, R. M., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., Duong, H. C., Mohr, J. P., & Young, W. L., et al. (2000). Interhemispheric transfer of language in patients with left frontal cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neuropsychologia, 38(10), 1325–1332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, R. M., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., Hacein-Bey, L., Young, W. L., & Mohr, J. P., et al. (1997). Anterior translocation of language in patients with left cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neurology, 49(3), 802–808.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc, R., Robitaille, Y., Andermann, F., & Ptito, A. (1995). Retained language in dysgenetic cortex: Case report. Neurosurgery, 37, 992–997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc, R., Tampieri, D., Robitaille, Y., Feindel, W., & Andermann, F. (1991). Surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy associated with schizencephaly. Neurosurgery, 29(3), 421–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leskela, M., Hietanen, M., Kalska, H., Ylikoski, R., Pohjasvaara, T., & Mantyla, R., et al. (1999). Executive functions and speed of mental processing in elderly patients with frontal or nonfrontal ischemic stroke. European Journal of Neurology, 6(6), 653–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, R. P., Luders, H., Dinner, D. S., & Morris, H. H. (1985). Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic and embolic cerebrovascular disease in older patients. Epilepsia, 26(6), 622–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leys, D., Bandu, L., Henon, H., Lucas, C., Mounier-Vehier, F., & Rondepierre, P., et al. (2002). Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke. Neurology, 59(1), 26–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loesch, D. V., Gilman, S., Del Dotto, J., & Rosenblum, M. L. (1995). Cavernous malformation of the mammillary bodies: Neuropsychological implications. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery, 83(2), 354–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lortie, A., Plouin, P., Chiron, C., Delalande, O., & Dulac, O. (2002). Characteristics of epilepsy in focal cortical dysplasia in infancy. Epilepsy Research, 51, 133–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luders, H., & Schuele, S. U. (2006). Epilepsy surgery in patients with malformations of cortical development. Current Opinion in Neurology, 19(2), 169–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luhdorf, K., Jensen, L. K., & Plesner, A. M. (1986). Etiology of seizures in the elderly. Epilepsia, 27(4), 458–463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalick, D. M., Ruff, R. M., Heary, R. F., & Hoi Sang, U. (1993). Preoperative versus postoperative neuropsychological sequelae of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 33(4), 563–570 (Discussion 570–561).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalick, D. M., Ruff, R. M., & Hoi Sang, U. (1991). Neuropsychological sequelae of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 29(3), 351–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrero, C., Diez, E., Ivanez, V., & Barreiro, P. (1998). Early and late epileptic crisis following cerebral hemisphere ischemia. Revista de Neurologia, 27(158), 676–681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marusic, P., Nahm, I. M., Ying, Z., Prayson, R., Rona, S., & Nair, D., et al. (2002). Focal cortical dysplasias in eloquent cortex: Functional characteristics and correlation with MRI and histopathologic changes. Epilepsia, 43(1), 27–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mast, H., Mohr, J. P., Osipov, A., Pile-Spellman, J., Marshall, R. S., & Lazar, R. M., et al. (1995). ‘Steal’ is an unestablished mechanism for the clinical presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke, 26(7), 1215–1220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattle, H. P., Schroth, G., & Seiler, R. W. (2000). Dilemmas in the management of patients with arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurology, 247(12), 917–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice-Williams, R. S., Willison, J. R., & Hatfield, R. (1991). The cognitive and psychological sequelae of uncomplicated aneurysm surgery. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 54(4), 335–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, T. M., Powell, G. E., Janota, I., & Polkey, C. E. (1987). Relationships between neuropathology and cognitive functioning in temporal lobectomy patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 50, 167–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullatti, N. (2003). Hypothalamic hamartoma in adults. Epileptic Disorders, 5(4), 201–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullatti, N., Selway, R., Nashef, L., Elwes, R., Honavar, M., & Chandler, C., et al. (2003). The clinical spectrum of epilepsy in children and adults with hypothalamic hamartoma. Epilepsia, 44(10), 1310–1319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myint, P. K., Staufenberg, E. F., & Sabanathan, K. (2006). Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(971), 568–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naess, H., Nyland, H. I., Thomassen, L., Aarseth, J., & Myhr, K. M. (2004). Long-term outcome of cerebral infarction in young adults. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 110(2), 107–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nys, G. M., van Zandvoort, M. J., de Kort, P. L., Jansen, B. P., de Haan, E. H., & Kappelle, L. J. (2007). Cognitive disorders in acute stroke: Prevalence and clinical determinants. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23(5–6), 408–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, T. J., Kazemi, J., & Cascino, G. D. (1997). Localization-related epilepsies due to specific lesions. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J. A., Mee, E. W., & Henning, M. (1993). A prospective study of impairment of cognition and memory and recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 33(4), 572–586 (Discussion 586–577).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J. A., Utley, T., & Mee, E. W. (1997). Neurological and psychosocial outcome 4 to 7 years after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 41(1), 25–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olafsson, E., Gudmundsson, G., & Hauser, W. A. (2000). Risk of epilepsy in long-term survivors of surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A population-based study in Iceland. Epilepsia, 41(9), 1201–1205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osawa, A., Maeshima, S., Kubo, K., & Itakura, T. (2006). Neuropsychological deficits associated with a tumour in the posterior corpus callosum: A report of two cases. Brain Injury, 20(6), 673–676.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmini, A., Chandler, C., Andermann, F., Costa Da Costa, J., Paglioli-Neto, E., & Polkey, C., et al. (2002). Resection of the lesion in patients with hypothalamic hamartomas and catastrophic epilepsy. Neurology, 58(9), 1338–1347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmini, A., Gambardella, A., Andermann, F., Dubeau, F., da Costa, J. C., & Olivier, A., et al. (1995). Intrinsic epileptogenicity of human dysplastic cortex as suggested by corticography and surgical results. Annals of Neurology, 37(4), 476–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmini, A., & Luders, H. O. (2002). Classification issues in malformations caused by abnormalities of cortical development. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 13(1), 1–16 (vii).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmini, A., Najm, I., Avanzini, G., Babb, T., Guerrini, R., & Foldvary-Schaefer, N., et al. (2004). Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology, 62(6 Suppl 3), S2–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paolini, S., Morace, R., Di Gennaro, G., Picardi, A., Grammaldo, L. G., & Meldolesi, G. N., et al. (2006). Drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy due to cavernous malformations. Neurosurgical Focus, 21(1), e8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passero, S., Filosomi, G., Cioni, R., Venturi, C., & Volpini, B. (1990). Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: A clinical, radiological and follow-up study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 82(2), 94–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peru, A., Pavesi, G., & Campello, M. (2004). Impairment of executive functions in a patient with a focal lesion in the anterior cingulate cortex. Evidence from neuropsychological assessment. Functional Neurology, 19(2), 107–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piepgras, D. G., Sundt Jr., T. M., Ragoowansi, A. T., & Stevens, L. (1993). Seizure outcome in patients with surgically treated cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 78(1), 5–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postma, T. J., van Groeningen, C. J., Witjes, R. J., Weerts, J. G., Kralendonk, J. H., & Heimans, J. J. (1998). Neurotoxicity of combination chemotherapy with procarbazine, CCNU and vincristine (PCV) for recurrent glioma. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 38(1), 69–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quiske, A., Frings, L., Wagner, K., Unterrainer, J., & Schulze-Bonhage, A. (2006). Cognitive functions in juvenile and adult patients with gelastic epilepsy due to hypothalamic hamartoma. Epilepsia, 47(1), 153–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raeder, M. B., Helland, C. A., Hugdahl, K., & Wester, K. (2005). Arachnoid cysts cause cognitive deficits that improve after surgery. Neurology, 64(1), 160–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, R., Jackson, S., & Howard, R. (1999). Neuropsychological impairment in stroke, carotid stenosis, and peripheral vascular disease, A comparison with healthy community residents. Stroke, 30(10), 2167–2173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, A. A., Fish, D. R., Sisodiya, S. M., Alsanjari, N., Stevens, J. M., & Shorvon, S. D. (1995). Abnormalities of gyration, heterotopias, tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, microdysgenesis, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and dysgenesis of the archicortex in epilepsy: Clinical, EEG and neuroimaging features in 100 adult patients. Brain, 118, 629–660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raznahan, A., Joinson, C., O’Callaghan, F., Osborne, J. P., & Bolton, P. F. (2006). Psychopathology in tuberous sclerosis: An overview and findings in a population-based sample of adults with tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(Pt 8), 561–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, N., Kumagai, M., & Ueda, T., et al. (1989). Clinical study on intracranial arachnoid cyst: With reference to the middle cranial fossa. Neurological Surgery, 17, 117–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauble, B., Cascino, G. D., Pollock, B. E., Gorman, D. A., Weigand, S., & Cohen-Gadol, A. A., et al. (2004). Seizure outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurology, 63(4), 683–687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze-Bonhage, A., Quiske, A., Homberg, V., Trippel, M., Wagner, K., & Frings, L., et al. (2004). Effect of interstitial stereotactic radiosurgery on behavior and subjective handicap of epilepsy in patients with gelastic epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 5(1), 94–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkroin, P. A., & Walsh, C. A. (2000). Cortical malformations and epilepsy. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 6(4), 268–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semah, F., Picot, M. C., Adam, C., Broglin, D., Arzimanoglou, A., & Bazin, B., et al. (1998). Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology, 51(5), 1256–1262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, I. E., Restrepo, L., & Mathews, G. C. (2002). Poststroke seizures. Archives of Neurology, 59(2), 195–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sisodiya, S. M. (2000). Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy. Brain, 123(Pt 6), 1075–1091.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. F., Hutton, J. L., Sandemann, D., Foy, P. M., Shaw, M. D., & Williams, I. R., et al. (1991). The prognosis of primary intracerebral tumours presenting with epilepsy: The outcome of medical and surgical management. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 54(10), 915–920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soukup, V. M., Patterson, J., Trier, T. T., & Chen, J. W. (1998). Cognitive improvement despite minimal arachnoid cyst decompression. Brain Development, 20(8), 589–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stabell, K. E., & Nornes, H. (1994). Prospective neuropsychological investigation of patients with supratentorial arteriovenous malformations. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien), 131(1–2), 32–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinvorth, S., Wenz, F., Wildermuth, S., Essig, M., Fuss, M., & Lohr, F., et al. (2002). Cognitive function in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations after radiosurgery: Prospective long-term follow-up. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 54(5), 1430–1437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Striano, S., Striano, P., Sarappa, C., & Boccella, P. (2005). The clinical spectrum and natural history of gelastic epilepsy-hypothalamic hamartoma syndrome. Seizure, 14(4), 232–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suess, O., Hammersen, S., & Brock, M. (2002). Intraventricular cavernoma: Unusual occurrence in the region of the foramen of monro. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 16(1), 78–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima, S., & Becker, L. E. (1980). Neuropathology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 43(5), 380–385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taphoorn, M. J. (2003). Neurocognitive sequelae in the treatment of low-grade gliomas. Seminars in Oncology, 30(6 Suppl 19), 45–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taphoorn, M. J. B., & Klein, M. (2004). Cognitive deficits in adult patients with brain tumours. Neurology, 3, 159–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatagiba, M., Schonmayr, R., & Samii, M. (1991). Intraventricular cavernous angioma. A survey. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien), 110(3–4), 140–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temkin, N. R. (2001). Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: Meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia, 42(4), 515–524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Arteriovenous Malformations Study Group (1999) Arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. (1999). New England Journal of Medicine, 340, (23), 1812–1818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R. J. (1997). Seizures and epilepsy in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(6), 605–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucha, O., Smely, C., Preier, M., Becker, G., Paul, G. M., & Lange, K. W. (2003). Preoperative and postoperative cognitive functioning in patients with frontal meningiomas. Journal of Neurosurgery, 98, 21–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucha, O., Smely, C., Preier, M., & Lange, K. W. (2000). Cognitive deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors. Neurosurgery, 47(2), 324–333 (Discussion 333–324).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Breeman, M. S. M., Wilms, E. B., & Vecht, C. J. (2007). Epilepsy in patients with brain tumours: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Lancet Neurology, 6, 421–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Veelen, M. L., Avezaat, C. J., Kros, J. M., van Putten, W., & Vecht, C. (1998). Supratentorial low grade astrocytoma: Prognostic factors, dedifferentiation, and the issue of early versus late surgery. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 64, 581–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verstappen, C. C. P., Heimans, J. J., Hoekman, K., & Postma, T. J. (2003). Neurotoxic complications of chemotherapy in patients with cancer: Clinical signs and optimal management. Drugs, 63(15), 1549–1563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vespa, P. M., O’Phelan, K., Shah, M., Mirabelli, J., Starkman, S., & Kidwell, C., et al. (2003). Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: A factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology, 60(9), 1441–1446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Overbeeke, J. J., Bosma, N. J., Verdonck, A. F. M. M., & von Huffelen, A. C. (1987). Cortical disorders: An unusual presentation of an arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurgery, 21(6), 839–842.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Wild, K., & Gullotta, F. (1987). Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa—Aplasia of temporal lobe? Child’s Nervous System, 3, (232–234).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltimo, O., & Putkonen, A. R. (1974). Intellectual performance of patients with intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Brain, 97(3), 511–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, V. Y., Chang, E. F., & Barbaro, N. M. (2006). Focal cortical dysplasia: A review of pathological features, genetics, and surgical outcome. Neurosurgical Focus, 20(1), E7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, D. W., Thomson, J. L. G., & Osborn, J. P. (1991). Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in patients with tuberous sclerosis and normal intellect. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 66, 1375–1377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, L. A., Shamsnia, M., & Elliott, D. (1991). Seizures caused by nontraumatic parenchymal brain hemorrhages. Neurology, 41(8), 1197–1199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenberger, A. A., Dell, M. L., Liow, K., Theodore, W., Frattali, C. M., & Hernandez, D., et al. (2001). Aggression and psychiatric comorbidity in children with hypothalamic hamartomas and their unaffected siblings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(6), 696–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenz, F., Steinvorth, S., Wildermuth, S., Lohr, F., Fuss, M., & Debus, J., et al. (1998). Assessment of neuropsychological changes in patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) after radiosurgery. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 42(5), 995–999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wester, K. (1992). Gender distribution and sidedness of middle fossa arachnoid cysts: A review of cases diagnosed with computed imaging. Neurosurgery, 31, 940–944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wester, K., & Hugdahl, K. (1995). Arachnoid cysts of the left temporal fossa: Impaired preoperative cognition and postoperative improvement. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 59(3), 293–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widdess-Walsh, P., Kellinghaus, C., & Jeha, L., et al. (2005). Electro-clinical and imaging characteristics of focal cortical dysplasia: Correlation with pathological subtypes. Epilepsy, 67, 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, J. O. (2000). Mechanisms underlying partial (focal, or lesional) epilepsy. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 7(4), 291–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, E. B., Pulsifer, M. B., & Thiele, E. A. (2007). Cognitive prognosis of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology, 68(1), 62–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie, E., Baumgartner, C., Prayson, R., Estes, M., Comair, Y., & Kosalko, J., et al. (1994). The clinical spectrum of focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy. Journal of Epilepsy, 7, 303–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamakawa, H., Ohkuma, A., Hattori, T., Niikawa, S., & Kobayashi, H. (1991). Primary intracranial arachnoid cyst in the elderly: A survey on 39 cases. Acta Neurochirurgica, 113, 42–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasargil, M. G., Abernathey, C. D., & Sarioglu, A. C. (1989). Microneurosurgical treatment of intracranial dermoid and epidermoid tumors. Neurosurgery, 24(4), 561–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, H. S., Kashiwagi, S., Tew Jr., J. M., & Berger, T. S. (1990). Surgical management of epilepsy associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 72(2), 216–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, H. S., Tew Jr., J. M., & Gartner, M. (1993). Seizure control after surgery on cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 78(1), 12–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • York, M. K., Rettig, G. M., Grossman, R. G., Hamilton, W. J., Armstrong, D. D., & Levin, H. S., et al. (2003). Seizure control and cognitive outcome after temporal lobectomy: A comparison of classic Ammon’s horn sclerosis, atypical mesial temporal sclerosis, and tumoral pathologies. Epilepsia, 44(3), 387–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaroff, C. M., Barr, W. B., Carlson, C., LaJoie, J., Madhavan, D., & Miles, D. K., et al. (2006). Mental retardation and relation to seizure and tuber burden in tuberous sclerosis complex. Seizure, 15(7), 558–562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, G., L1ewis, A. I., & Tew Jr., J. M. (2000). Pure sylvian fissure arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 92(1), 39–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinn, S., Bosworth, H. B., Hoenig, H. M., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2007). Executive function deficits in acute stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(2), 173–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Medical Center, 403 E 34th St., 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Chris E. Morrison & Luba Nakhutina

Authors
  1. Chris E. Morrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luba Nakhutina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chris E. Morrison.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Morrison, C.E., Nakhutina, L. Neuropsychological Features of Lesion-related Epilepsy in Adults: An Overview. Neuropsychol Rev 17, 385–403 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9044-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9044-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation