Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Recovery After Acquired Brain Damage in Adults

  • Published:
Neuropsychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The first two decades of cognitive neuroimaging research have provided a constant increase of the knowledge about the neural organization of cognitive processes. Many cognitive functions (e.g.working memory) can now be associated with particular neural structures, and ongoing research promises to clarify this picture further, providing a new mapping between cognitive and neural function. The main goal of this paper is to outline conceptual issues that are particularly important in the context of imaging changes in neural function through recovery process. This review focuses primarily on studies made in stroke and traumatic brain injury patients, but most of the issues raised here are also relevant to studies using other acquired brain damages. Finally, we summarize aset of methodological issues related to functional neuroimaging that are relevant for the study ofneural plasticity and recovery after rehabilitation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrahams, S., Goldstein, L. H., Simmons, A., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., Giampietro, V., et al. (2003). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of verbal fluency and confrontation naming using compressed image acquisition to permit overt responses. Hum. Brain Mapp. 20: 29–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N. D., Iidaka, T., Cabeza, R., Kapur, S., Mclntosh, A. R., and Craik, F. I. (2000). The effects of divided attention on encoding- and retrieval-related brain activity: A PET study of younger and older adults. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 72(5): 775–792.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anton, J. L., Benali, H., Guigon, E., Di Paola, M., Bittoun, J., Jolivet, O., et al. (1996). Functional MR imaging of the human sensoriomotor cortex during haptic discrimination. Neuroreport 7: 2849–2852.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bach-Y-Rita, P. (2000). Conceptual issues relevant to present and future neurologic rehabilitation. In: Levin, H. S., and Grafinan, J. (eds.), Cerebral Reorganization of Junction after Brain Damage, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 357–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach-Y-Rita, P. (2003). Late postacute neurologic rehabilitation neuroscience: Neuroscience, engineering, and clinical programs. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84: 1100–1108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belin, P., van Eeckhout, P., Zilbovicius, M., Remy, P., Francois, C., Guillaume, S., et al. (1996). Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: A PET study. Neurology 47(6): 1504–1511.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigler, E. D. (2001). The lesion(s) in traumatic brain injury: Implications for clinical neuropsychology. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 16: 95–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, J. R., Frost, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Bellgowan, P. S., Rao, S. M., and Cox, R. W. (1999). Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: A functional MRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11: 80–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binkofski, F., Seitz, R. J., Arnold, S., Classen, J., Benecke, R., and Freund, H. J. (1996). Thalamic metabolism and corticospinal tract integrity determine motor recovery in stroke. Ann. Neurol. 39(4): 460–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birn, R. M., Bandettinj, P. A., Cox, R. W., and Shaker, R. (1999). Event-related fMRI of task involving brief motion. Hum. Brain Mapp. 7: 106–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. R. (1979). The stages of recovery from severe head injury with special reference to late outcome. Int. Rehabil. Med. 1: 155–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. R. (1986). Neurobehavioral sequelae of closed head injury. In: Grant, I., and Adams, K. M. (eds.), Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 347–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, M., Johnsrude, I. S., and Owen, A. M. (2002). The problem of functional localization in the human brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3: 243–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, M., Leff, A. P., Rorden, C., and Ashburner, J. (2001). Spatial normalization of brain images with focal lesions using cost function masking. Neuroimage 14: 486–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, R. L., Corbetta, M., Schatz, J., Raichle, M. E., and Petersen, S. E. (1996). Preserved speech abilities and compensation following prefrontal damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93(3): 1249–1253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buhmann, C., Glauche, V., Sturenburg, H. J., Oechsner, M., Weiller, C., and Buchel, C. (2003). Pharmacologically modulated fMRI-cortical responsiveness to levodopa in drug-naive hemiparkinsonian patients. Brain 126(Pt 2): 451–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabeza, R., Grady, C. L., Nyberg, L., Mclntosh, A. R., Tulving, E., Kapur, S., et al. (1997). Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: A positron emission tomography study. J. Neurosci. 17: 391–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabeza, R., Rao, S. M., Wagner, A. D., Mayer, A. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2001). Can medial temporal lobe distinguish true from false? An event related functional MRI study veridical and illusory recognition memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 4805–4810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calautti, C., and Baron, J. C. (2003). Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: A review. Stroke 34(6): 1553–1566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, G. A., Brammer, M. J., Morris, R. G., Williams, S. C., King, R., and Matthews, P. M. (2000). Using fMRI to study recovery from acquired dysphasia. Brain Lang. 71(3): 391–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calvo Merino, B., and Haggard, P. (2004). Estimulaciön magnetica transcraneal. Aplicaciones en neurociencia cognitiva. Rev. Neurol. 38(4): 374–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cappa, S. F., Perani, D., Grassi, F., Bressi, S., Alberoni, M., Franceschi, M., et al. (1997). A PET follow-up study of recovery after stroke in acute aphasics. Brain Lang. 56(1): 55–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, J. R., Kimberley, T. J., Lewis, S. M., Auerbach, E. J., Dorsey, L., Rundquist, P., et al. (2002). Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain 125(Pt 4): 773–788.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlomagno, S., van Eeckhout, P., Blasi, V., Belin, P., Samson, Y., and Deloche, G. (1997). The impact of functional neuroimaging methods on the development of a theory for cognitive remediation. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 7: 311–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, N., Chesnut, R. M., Maynard, H., Clay Mann, N., Patterson, P., and Helfand, M. (1999). Effect of cognitive rehabilitation on outcomes for persons with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 14(3): 277–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chollet, F., and Weiller, C. (1994). Imaging recovery of function following brain injury. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4(2): 226–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christodoulou, C., DeLuca, J., Ricker, J. H., Madigan, N. K., Ely, B. M., Lange, G., et al. (2001). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory impairment after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 71(2): 161–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicerone, K. D., Dahlberg, C., Kalmar, K., Langenbahn, D. M., Malec, J. F., Bergquist, T. F., et al. (2000). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Recommendations for clinical practice. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81(12): 1596–1615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. G., Celnik, P., Pascual-Leone, A., Corwell, B., Faiz, L., Honda, M., et al. (1997). Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in the blind. Nature 389: 180–183.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Add new Cohen, M. S., and Bookheimer, S. Y. (1994). Localization of brain function using magnetic resonance imaging. Trends Neurosci. 17(7): 268–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, S. C., Nelles, G., Schaecter, J. D., Kaplan, J. D., Finklestein, S. P., and Rosen, B. R. (2001). A functional MRI study of three motor tasks in the evaluation of stroke recovery. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 15: 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daselaar, S. M., Veltman, D. J., Rombouts, S. A., Raaijmakers, J. G., and Jonker, C. (2003). Neuroanatomical correlates of episodic encoding and retrieval in young and elderly subjects. Brain 126(Pt 1): 43–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Piero, V., Chollet, F. M., MacCarthy, P., Lenzi, G. L., and Frackowiak, R. S. (1992). Motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke: A metabolic study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55(11): 990–996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, D. I. (2004). Parsing brain activity with fMRI and mixed designs: What kind of a state is neuroimaging in? Trends Neurosci. 27(8): 442–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyre, J. A., Taylor, J. P., Villagra, F., Smith, M., and Miller, S. (2001). Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development. Neurology 57(9): 1543–1554.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, A., Azouvi, P., Remy, P., Bussel, B., and Samson, Y. (1999). Functional anatomy of neuropsychological deficits after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 55(9): 1963–1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, W., Danek, A., Scheidtmann, K., and Hamburger, C. (1993). Motor recovery following capsular stroke. Role of descending pathways from multiple motor areas. Brain 116(Pt 2): 369–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., and Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform “face area” increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. Nat. Neurosci. 2: 568–573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, C. L., and Kapur, S. (1999). The use of neuroimaging in neurorehabilitative research. In: Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., and Robertson, I. H. (eds.), Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusnard, D. A., and Raichle, M. E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2: 685–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallett, M. (2000). Plasticity. In: Mazziotta, J. C., Toga, A. W., and Frackowiak, R. (eds.), Brain Mapping: The Disorders, Academic, London, pp. 569–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiss, W. D., Karbe, H., Weber-Luxenburger, G., Herholz, K., Kessler, J., Pietrzyk, U., et al. (1997). Speech-induced cerebral metabolic activation reflects recovery from aphasia. J. Neurol. Sci. 145(2): 213–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillary, F. G., Steffener, J., Biswal, B. B., Lange, G., DeLuca, J., and Ashburner, J. (2002). Functional magnetic resonance imaging technology and traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: Guidelines for methodological and conceptual pitfalls. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 77(5): 411–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, B., and Poeppel, D. (2002). How can EEG/MEG and fMRI/PET data be combined? Hum. Brain Mapp. 17: 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichise, M., Chung, D. G., Wang, P., Wortzman, G., Gray, B. G., and Franks, W. (1994). Technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT, CT and MRI in the evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury: A correlation with neuropsychological performance. J. Nucl. Med. 35(2): 217–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, W. M., Merzenich, M. M., Ochs, M. T., Allard, T., and Guic-Robles, E. (1990). Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkey after behaviourally controlled tactile stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 63: 82–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jennett, B., and Bond, M. (1975). Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 7(7905): 480–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., and Chum, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 14: 4302–4311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennard, M. A. (1942). Cortical reorganization of motor function. Studies on series of monkeys of various ages from infancy to maturity. AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 48: 227–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinberg, T., Hedeus, M., Temple, E., Salz, T., Gabrieli, J. D., Moseley, M. E., et al. (2000). Micrstructure of temporo-parietal white matter as a basis for reading ability: Evidence from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuron 25: 493–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, B. (1995). Brain Plasticity and Behaviour, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollias, S. S., Alkadhi, H., Jaermann, T., Crelier, G., and Hepp-Reymond, M. C. (2001). Identification of multiple nonprimary motor cortical areas with simple movements. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 36(2–3): 185–195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laatsch, L. K., Thulborn, K. R., Krisky, C. M., Shobat, D. M., and Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Investigating the neurobiological basis of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with fMRI. Brain Inj. 75(10): 957–974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leger, A., Demonet, J. F., Ruff, S., Aithamon, B., Touyeras, B., Fuel, M., et al. (2002). Neural substrates of spoken language rehabilitation in an aphasic patient: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 17(1): 174–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. S. (2003). Neuroplasticity following non-penetrating traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 77(8): 665–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B., Cabeza, R., Mclntosh, A. R., Black, S. E., Grady, C. L., and Stuss, D. T. (2002). Functional reorganisation of memory after traumatic brain injury: A study with H(2)(15)0 positron emission tomography. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 73(2): 173–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liepert, J., Miltner, W. H., Bauder, H., Sommer, M., Dettmers, C., Taub, E., et al. (1998). Motor cortex plasticity during constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke patients. Neurosci. Lett. 250(1): 5–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, M. G., and Livingston, H. M. (1985). The Glasgow Assessment Schedule: Clinical and research assessment of head injury outcome. Int. Rehabil. Med. 7: 145–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, M. J., Mock, B. J., and Sorenson, J. A. (1998). Functional connectivity in single and multislice echoplanar imaging using resting-state fluctuations. Neuroimage 7: 119–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maestu, F., Campo, P., Fernandez, S., Capilla, A., Gil-Gregorio, P., Fernandez, A., et al. (2004a). Time-modulated enhancing of the fronto-parietal circuits in the very-old elders. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 21(1): 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestu, F., Fernandez, A., Simos, P. G., Gil-Gregorio, P., Amo, C., Rodriguez, R., et al. (2001). Spatio-temporal patterns of brain magnetic activity during a memory task in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 72(18): 3917–3922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestu, F., Quesney-Molina, F., Ortiz-Alonso, T., Campo, P., Fernandez-Lucas, A., and Amo, C. (2003). Cognici6n y redes neurales: Una nueva perspectiva desde la neuroimagen funcional. Rev. Neurol. 37(10): 962–966.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maestu, F., Saldana, C., Amo, C., Gonzalez-Hidalgo, M., Fernandez, A., Fernandez, S., et al. (2004b). Can small lesions induce language reorganization as large lesions do? Brain Lang. 89(3): 433–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J. C., Toga, A. W., and Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2000). Brain Mapping: The Disorders, Academic, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, T. W., Saykin, A. J., Flashman, L. A., Sparling, M. B., Johnson, S. C., Guerin, S. J., et al. (1999). Brain activation during working memory 1 month after mild traumatic brain injury: A functional MRI study. Neurology 53(6): 1300–1308.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, T. W., Sparling, M. B., Flashman, L. A., Guerin, S. J., Mamourian, A. C., and Saykin, A. J. (2001). Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage 14: 1004–1012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M., Bammer, R., and Hies, J. (2002). Diffusion-tensor imaging of cognitive performance. Brain Cogn. 50: 396–413.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz-Céspedes, J. M., Ríos, M., Paul, N., Maestú, F., Alvarez-Linera, J., Campo, P., et al. (2004). Physiological Basis for Attention and Executive Control Processes: A Multidisciplinary MEG, fMRI and Neuropsychological Study. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the Organization for the Human Brain Mapping, Budapest, Hungary.

  • Musso, M., Weiller, C., Kiebel, S., Muller, S. P., Bulau, P., and Rijntjes, M. (1999). Training-induced brain plasticity in aphasia. Brain 122(Pt 9): 1781–1790.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, J., Sunderland, A., Butterworth, S. E., Peters, A. M., Peck, K. K., and Gowland, P. A. (2002). A pilot study of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of monitored wrist movements in patients with partial recovery. Stroke 33(12): 2881–2887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nudo, R. J. (1999). Recovery after damage to motor cortical areas. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9(6): 740–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolaou, A., Moore, B. D., Deutsch, G., et al. (1988). Evidence for right-hemisphere involvement in recovery from aphasia. Arch. Neurol. 45: 1025–1029.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pariente, J., Loubinoux, I., Carel, C., Albucher, J. F., Leger, A., Manelfe, C., et al. (2001). Fluoxetine modulates motor performance and cerebral activation of patients recovering from stroke. Ann. Neurol. 50(6): 718–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone, A., and Torres, F. (1993). Plasticity of the sensoriomotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille. Brain 116: 39–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., Tettamanti, M., Rosa, M., Scifo, P., Miozzo, A., et al. (2003). A fMRI study of word retrieval in aphasia. Brain Lang. 55(3): 357–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perianez, J. A., Maestu, F., Barcelo, F., Fernandez, A., Amo, C., and Ortiz Alonso, T. (2004). Spatiotemporal brain dynamics during preparatory set shifting: MEG evidence. Neuroimage 21(2): 687–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzamiglio, L., Galati, G., and Committeri, G. (2001). The contribution of functional neuroimaging to recovery after brain damage: A review. Cortex 37(1): 11–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poldrack, R. A. (2000). Imaging brain plasticity: Conceptual and methodological issues: A theoretical review. Neuroimage 12(1): 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. L., Peterson, S. E., Fox, P. T., and Raichle, M. E. (1988). Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science 240: 1627–1631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Povlishock, J. T. (1993). Pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and man. Ann. Emerg. Med. 22(6): 980–986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., and Friston, K. (1997). Cognitive conjunctions: A new experimental design for fMRI. Neuroimage 5: 261–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., and Friston, K. (1999). Scanning patients with tasks they can perform. Hum. Brain Mapp. 8: 102–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., and Friston, K. J. (2001). Functional neuroimaging of neuropsychologically impaired patients. In Cabeza, R., and Kingstohe, A. (eds.), Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 379–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., and Friston, K. J. (2002). Functional imaging studies of neuropsychological patients: Applications and limitations. Neurocase 8: 345–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., Mummery, C. J., Moore, C. J., Frakowiak, R. S., and Friston, K. J. (1999). Delineating necessary and sufficient neural systems with functional imaging studies of neuropsychological patients. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11(4): 371–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, V. S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D., and Cobb, S. (1995). Touching the phantom limb. Nature 377: 489–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rauschecker, J. P. (1995). Compensatory plasticity and sensory substitution in the cerebral cortex. Trends Neurosci. 18: 36–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. T. E. (2000). Clinical and Neuropsychological Aspects of Closed Head Injury, 2nd edn., Psychology, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, J. H., Hillary, F. G., and DeLuca, J. (2001a). Functionally activated brain imaging (O-15 PET and fMRI) in the study of learning and memory after traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 16(2): 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, J. H., Muller, R. A., Zafonte, R. D., Black, K. M., Millis, S. R., and Chugani, H. (2001b). Verbal recall and recognition following traumatic brain injury: A [0–15]-water positron emission tomography study. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 23(2): 196–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ríos, M., Paul, N., Mufioz-Cespedes, J. M., Maestu, F., Alvarez-Linera, J., and Ortiz, T. (2004). Aplicación de la neuroimagen funcional al estudio de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica. Rev. Neurol. 38(4): 366–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, I. H., and Murre, J. M. J. (1999). Rehabilitation of brain damage: Brain plasticity and principles of guided recovery. Psychol. Bull. 125: 544–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H., Fiez, J. A., Nalon, R., Dromerick, A. W., Linenweber, M., Petersen, S. E., et al. (1998). Functional imaging of recovery in patients with Broca's aphasia and left frontal opercular damage. Neuroimage 7: S23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossini, P. M., Caltagirone, C., Castriota-Scanderbeg, A., Cicinelli, P., Del Gratta, C., Demartin, M., et al. (1998). Hand motor cortical area reorganization in stroke: A study with fMRI, MEG and TCS maps. Neuroreport 9(9): 2141–2146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silbersweig, D. A., and Stern, E. (1997). Symptom localization in neuropsychiatry. A functional neuroimaging approach. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 535: 410–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, S. L., Flores, D. K., and Noll, D. C. (1998). Different neural circuits subserve reading before and after therapy for acquired dyslexia. Brain Lang. 62(2): 298–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. G. (1998). Brain injury and theories of recovery. In: Goldstein, L. B. (ed.), Restorative Neurology: Advances in Pharmacotherapy for Recovery after Stroke, Futura, Armonk, NY, pp. 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. G., and Hoffinan, S. W. (2003a). Concepts of CNS plasticity in the context of brain damage and repair. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 18(4): 317–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. G., and Hoffinan, S. W. (2003b). Estrogen and progesterone as neuroprotective agents in the treatment of acute brain injuries. Pediatr. Rehabil. 6(1): 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, J. (2000). Spatial cognitive development following prenatal of perinatal focal brain injury. In: Levin, H. S., and Grafinan, J. (eds.), Cerebral Reorganization of Junction after Brain Damage, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 201–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strangman, G., O'Neil-Pirozzi, T. M., Burke, D., Cristina, D., Goldstein, R., Rauch, S. L., et al. (2005). Functional neuroimaging and cognitive rehabilitation for people with traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84(1), 62–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, E., Miller, N. E., Novack, T. A., Cook, E. W., Fleming, W. C., Nepomuceno, C. S., et al. (1993). Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 74: 347–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, E., Uswatte, G., and Elbert, T. (2002). New treatments in neurorehabilitation founded on basic research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3(3): 228–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theoret, H., Halligan, E., Kobayashu, M., Merabet, L., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2004). Unconscious modulation of motor cortex excitability revealed with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 155: 261–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. K. (2000). The neurobiology of language recovery in aphasia. Brain Lang. 71(1): 245–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thulborn, K. R., Carpenter, P. A., and Just, M. A. (1999). Plasticity of language-related brain function during recovery from stroke. Stroke 30(4): 749–754.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twitchell, T. E. (1951). The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain 74: 443–480.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uttal, W. R. (2001). The New Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, E., Price, C. J., Swinbum, K., and Wise, R. J. (1999). Mechanisms of recovery from aphasia: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 66(2): 155–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, N. S., Brown, M. M., Thompson, A. J., and Frackowiak, R. S. (2003). Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: A cross-sectional fMRI study. Brain 126(Pt 6): 1430–1448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wassermann, E. M., Chmielowska, L., Gerloff, C., Sadato, N., Mercuri, B., Cohen, L. G., et al. (1996). Transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping and PET after good motor recovery from large hemispheric strokes. Neurology 46: A340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiller, C., Isensee, C., Rijntjes, M., Huber, W., Muller, S., Bier, D., et al. (1995). Recovery from Wernicke's aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study. Ann. Neurol. 37(6): 723–732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiller, C., Ramsay, S. C., Wise, R. J., Friston, K. J., and Frackowiak, R. S. (1993). Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction. Ann. Neurol. 33(2): 181–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., and Halligan, P. (2004). The relevance of behavioural measures for functional-imaging studies of cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5: 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wykes, T., Brammer, M., Mellers, J., Bray, P., Reeder, C., Williams, C., et al. (2002). Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: Cognitive remediation therapy: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 181: 144–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zabala Rabadán, A., Muñoz Céspedes, J. M., and Quemada, J. I. (2003). Efectividad de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido: fundamentos y dificultades metodoldgicas en la investigación. Rehabilitacion 37(2): 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn, R., Huber, W., Drews, E., Specht, K., Kemeny, S., Reith, W., et al. (2002). Recovery of semantic word processing in transcortical sensory aphasia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurocase 8(5): 376–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcos Rios-Lago.

Additional information

Deceased

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Muñoz-Cespedes, J.M., Rios-Lago, M., Paul, N. et al. Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Recovery After Acquired Brain Damage in Adults. Neuropsychol Rev 15, 169–183 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-9178-5

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-9178-5

Keywords

Navigation