Abstract
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a predominant form of brain injury in preterm survivors, is characterized by hypomyelination and microgliosis and is also the major cause of long-term neurobehavioral abnormalities in premature infants. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) plays a pivotal role in mediating cell death and inflammatory signaling cascade. However, very little is known about the potential effect of RIPK1 in PVL and the underlying mechanism. Herein, we found that the expression level of RIPK1 was drastically increased in the brain of PVL neonatal mice models, and treatment of PVL neonatal mice with Necrostatin-1s (Nec-1s), an inhibitor of RIPK1, greatly ameliorated cerebral ischemic injury, exhibiting an increase of body weights, reduction of cerebral infarct size, neuronal loss, and occurrence of necrosis-like cells, and significantly improved the long-term abnormal neurobehaviors of PVL. In addition, Nec-1s significantly suppressed hypomyelination and promoted the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), as demonstrated by the increased expression levels of MBP and Olig2, the decreased expression level of GPR17, a significant increase in the number of CC-1-positive cells, and suppression of myelin ultrastructure impairment. Moreover, the mechanism of neuroprotective effects of Nec-1s against PVL is closely associated with its suppression of the RIPK1-mediated necrosis signaling molecules, RIPK1, PIPK3, and MLKL. More importantly, inhibition of RIPK1 could reduce microglial inflammatory injury by triggering the M1 to M2 microglial phenotype, appreciably decreasing the levels of M1 marker CD86 and increasing the levels of M2 markers Arg1 or CD206 in PVL mice. Taken together, inhibition of RIPK1 markedly ameliorates the brain injury and long-term neurobehavioral abnormalities of PVL mice through the reduction of neural cell necroptosis and reversing neuroinflammation.
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13 September 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-023-04027-2
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This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos.82060223, 32160192), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia (grant nos.2022AAC03607, 2023AAC02037, 2023AAC03162), the Key Research and Development Plan of Ningxia (grant no. 2021BEG03097).
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Jinping Sun contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, the original manuscript. Jinping Sun, Xiaoli Pan, and Hualiang Zhai performed the experiments. Junyan Wang participated in the conception of the study and supervised the graduate students. Yong Han participated in the data analysis and chart making. Quanrui Ma contributed to the project design and the manuscript revision. Yunhong Li, Wei Wang, and Yin Wang contributed to the funding support, project design, and supervision, the manuscript revision. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sun, J., Wang, W., Ma, Q. et al. Necrostatin-1s Suppresses RIPK1-driven Necroptosis and Inflammation in Periventricular Leukomalacia Neonatal Mice. Neurochem Res 49, 129–141 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-023-04013-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-023-04013-8