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Epigenetic Modulation in Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Treatment Therapies

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Abstract

In the recent past, huge emphasis has been given to the epigenetic alterations of the genes responsible for the cause of neurological disorders. Earlier, the scientists believed somatic changes and modifications in the genetic makeup of DNA to be the main cause of the neurodegenerative diseases. With the increase in understanding of the neural network and associated diseases, it was observed that alterations in the gene expression were not always originated by the change in the genetic sequence. For this reason, extensive research has been conducted to understand the role of epigenetics in the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and, Huntington’s disease. In a healthy person, the epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of a cell by either up-regulating or down-regulating the genes. Therefore, improved understanding of these modifications may provide better insight about the diseases and may serve as potential therapeutic targets for their treatment. The present review describes various epigenetic modifications involved in the pathology of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) backed by multiple researches carried out to study the gene expression regulation related to the epigenetic alterations. Additionally, we will briefly go through the current scenario about the various treatment therapies including small molecules and multiple phytochemicals potent enough to reverse these alterations and the future directions for a better management of PD.

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Fig. 1

Abbreviations

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

DA:

Dopaminergic

HDAC:

Histone deacetylases

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor

MPTPq:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

CNS:

Central nervous system

SNpc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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Acknowledgements

ASR, HB, SSS, WZ, HD, RS, and PK are sincerely thankful to BHU, DBT, ICMR, CSIR India, for their respective fellowship. The present study was not supported by any funding agencies.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Aaina Singh Rathore, Hareram Birla, Saumitra Sen Singh, Walia Zahra, Hagera Dilnashin, Richa Singh, Priyanka Kumari Keshri & Surya Pratap Singh

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  1. Aaina Singh Rathore
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ASR planned the work and drafted the manuscript; HB, SSS, WZ, HD, RS and PKK helped in the manuscript preparation, designed and drawn the figures; and SPS guided throughout the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Surya Pratap Singh.

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Rathore, A.S., Birla, H., Singh, S.S. et al. Epigenetic Modulation in Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Treatment Therapies. Neurochem Res 46, 1618–1626 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-021-03334-w

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