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The Role of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage in Acute Brain Trauma

Neurochemical Research volume 42, pages 2479–2489 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

An acute brain injury is commonly characterized by an extended cellular damage. The post-injury process of scar formation is largely determined by responses of various local glial cells and blood-derived immune cells. The role of astrocytes and microglia have been frequently reviewed in the traumatic sequelae. Here, we summarize the diverse contributions of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and their precursor cells (OPCs) in acute injuries. OLs at the lesion site are highly sensitive to a damaging insult, provoked by Ca2+ overload after hyperexcitation originating from increased levels of transmitters. At the lesion site, differentiating OPCs can replace injured oligodendrocytes to guarantee proper myelination that is instrumental for healthy brain function. In contrast to finally differentiated and non-dividing OLs, OPCs are the most proliferative cells of the brain and their proliferation rate even increases after injury. There exist even evidence that OPCs might also generate some type of astrocyte beside OLs. Thereby, OPCs can contribute to the generation and maintenance of the glial scar. In the future, detailed knowledge of the molecular cues that help to prevent injury-evoked glial cell death and that control differentiation and myelination of the oligodendroglial lineage will be pivotal in developing novel therapeutic approaches.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

CSPG 4:

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

OL:

Oligodendrocyte

OPC:

Oligodendrocyte precursor cell

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PLP:

Proteolipid protein

SWI:

Stab wound injury

TAI:

Traumatic axon injury

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Frank Rhode for excellent technical assistance and to Daniel Rhode for animal husbandry and tamoxifen treatment. We thank Hongkui Zeng (Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, USA) for providing R26tdTomato reporter mice, Ueli Suter (Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland) for PLP-CreERT2 mice, Dwight Bergles (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA) for GCaMP3 reporter mice, Bernard Zalc (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France) for PLP-EGFPmem mice and Jacqueline Trotter (Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany) for TgH(NG2-EYFP) mice. Authors thank Dr. Jens Grosche (Effigos AG) for help with Fig. 2A. This work was supported by grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG SPP 1757, SFB 894, FOR2289, European Commission FP7-202167 NeuroGLIA, H2020-732344 Neurofibres, Fondation pour l’Aide a la Recherche sur la Sclerose En Plaques and Association Française contre les Myopathies (ARSEP-AFM) Brain, Inflammation and Epilepsy (BrIE); and the HOMFOR programme of the University of Saarland Medical School (AS, XB).

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  1. Anja Scheller and Xianshu Bai have contributed equally.

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  1. Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany

    Anja Scheller, Xianshu Bai & Frank Kirchhoff

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  1. Anja Scheller
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Correspondence to Frank Kirchhoff.

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Scheller, A., Bai, X. & Kirchhoff, F. The Role of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage in Acute Brain Trauma. Neurochem Res 42, 2479–2489 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2343-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2343-4

Keywords

  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Oligodendrocyte precursor
  • NG2 glia
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Myelination
  • Astrocytes