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Brain Region-Specific Glutathione Redox Imbalance in Autism

Neurochemical Research volume 37, pages 1681–1689 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Autism is a heterogeneous, behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder. Recently, we reported a brain region–specific increase in lipid peroxidation, and deficits in mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in autism, suggesting the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism. However, the antioxidant status of the brain is not known in autism. Glutathione is a major endogenous antioxidant that plays a crucial role in protecting cells from exogenous and endogenous toxins, particularly in the central nervous system. The present study examines the concentrations of glutathione (GSH, reduced form; and GSSG, oxidized form) and the redox ratio of GSH to GSSG (marker of oxidative stress) in different regions of brains from autistic subjects and age-matched control subjects. In the cerebellum and temporal cortex from subjects with autism, GSH levels were significantly decreased by 34.2 and 44.6 %, with a concomitant increase in the levels of GSSG by 38.2 and 45.5 %, respectively, as compared to the control group. There was also a significant decrease in the levels of total GSH (tGSH) by 32.9 % in the cerebellum, and by 43.1 % in the temporal cortex of subjects with autism. In contrast, there was no significant change in GSH, GSSG and tGSH levels in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices in autism versus control group. The redox ratio of GSH to GSSG was also significantly decreased by 52.8 % in the cerebellum and by 60.8 % in the temporal cortex of subjects with autism, suggesting glutathione redox imbalance in the brain of individuals with autism. These findings indicate that autism is associated with deficits in glutathione antioxidant defense in selective regions of the brain. We suggest that disturbances in brain glutathione homeostasis may contribute to oxidative stress, immune dysfunction and apoptosis, particularly in the cerebellum and temporal lobe, and may lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in autism.

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Acknowledgments

Human brain tissues were obtained from the NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD. This work was supported by funds from the Department of Defense Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Program AS073224P2, the Autism Research Institute and the NYS Office for People with Developmental Disabilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA

    Abha Chauhan & Ved Chauhan

  2. New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Tapan Audhya

  3. Health Diagnostics and Research Institute, South Amboy, NJ, USA

    Tapan Audhya

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  1. Abha Chauhan
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  2. Tapan Audhya
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Correspondence to Abha Chauhan.

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Chauhan, A., Audhya, T. & Chauhan, V. Brain Region-Specific Glutathione Redox Imbalance in Autism. Neurochem Res 37, 1681–1689 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-012-0775-4

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Keywords

  • Autism
  • Brain
  • Glutathione
  • Neurodevelopment
  • Oxidative stress
  • Redox