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Soil distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi inoculum in oak afforestation depends on site characteristics rather than host availability

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Abstract

The decline and mortality of Quercus species worldwide are interpreted through the interactions of several factors in space and time. Among these factors, Phytophthora cinnamomi has been identified as a major biotic agent triggering mortality of Quercus ilex and Q. suber in the Mediterranean basin. However, there are few examples in the literature studying the interaction between P. cinnamomi and site environmental factors or assessing the effects of environmental drivers on the host-pathogen system. In this study, we examined how both characteristics and spatial distribution of soil and topography influence the effects of P. cinnamomi over the disease status of Q. ilex and Q. suber plantations using spatial analysis by distance indices and structural equation modelling. Results showed the high influence of soil (texture, nutrients, chemical composition and moisture) and topography (orientation, solar incidence and hydrology) over the pathogen availability, as well as lower mortality and defoliation of Q. suber, but more related to the colony forming units (cfu) distribution, compared with Q. ilex. These differences highlighted the convenience of mixed afforestation compared with monospecific ones, increasing afforestation resilience, and the importance of a precise scale for the characterization of soil and topography, preventing afforestation failure.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Campo Baldío S.L. for providing access to the field plots and data support. The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness supported this research through the ESPECTRAMED (CGL2017-86161-R) project. P.G.-M. was supported by a “Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación” contract (MINECO, IJCI-2017-31733) and Plan Propio UCO 2019. F.J.R.-G. was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship of the Junta de Andalucía (Spain) and the European Social Fund 2014–2020 Program (Ref. DOC_0055). We acknowledge the institutional support of the University of Cordoba-Campus de Excelencia CEIA3. We also thank the ERSAF group for their technical assistance during this research. The authors would like to thank the outstanding work of the anonymous reviewers, and their constructive comments about the work, which substantially improved the manuscript.

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  1. Laboratory of Dendrochronology, Silviculture and Global Change-DendrodatLab- ERSAF, Department of Forest Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, E-14071, Cordoba, Spain

    Rafael Sánchez-Cuesta, Pablo González-Moreno, Andrés Cortés-Márquez, Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo & Francisco José Ruiz-Gómez

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Conceptualization: RSC, RMNC; Methodology: RSC, ACM, FJRG; Formal analysis and investigation: RSC, ACM, PGM, FJRG; Writing-original draft preparation: RSC, RMNC, FJRG; Writing-review and editing: RSC, PGM, ACM, RMNC, FJRG; Funding acquisition: RMNC; Supervision: RMNC, FJRG.

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Correspondence to Francisco José Ruiz-Gómez.

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Sánchez-Cuesta, R., González-Moreno, P., Cortés-Márquez, A. et al. Soil distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi inoculum in oak afforestation depends on site characteristics rather than host availability. New Forests 54, 1037–1059 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-022-09951-9

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