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Effect of combined stress (salinity + hypoxia) and auxin rooting hormone addition on morphology and growth traits in six Salix spp. clones

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Abstract

Willows plantations development could be an alternative for hydro-halomorphic soils but it is limited by combined stress salinity + hypoxia (main stressor under waterlogging conditions). We studied the effects of saline stress, alone or interacting with hypoxia, on growth, morphology and rooting process of six willows clones, assessing also whether rooting hormone (H, Indol Butyric Acid) contributes enhancing rooting under combined stress. Three hybrids of Salix matsudana × Salix alba (Sm×Sa), two of Salix babylonica × Salix alba (Sb×Sa) and a Salix nigra (Sn4) clone were evaluated in hydroponics. Ten treatments were generated combining salinity [moderate (MS): 5 dS/m, and high (HS): 10 dS/m]; hypoxia (with or without artificial aeration, HypO), and presence or absence of H. After 120 days, shoot and root biomass, root number and length, and hypertrophied lenticel number were evaluated. Contrary to what was expected, Sm×Sa and Sb×Sa hybrids showed no adverse additive effects of combined stress compared with saline stress; whereas in Sn4, S + HypO favored root biomass production increasing number and elongation of roots. Salinity was the main limiting factor for root production, being only MS conditions compatible with rooting, although limited. There was no common response in relation to H addition. In Sn4, H potentiated the effects of MS + HypO on root biomass, increasing number of roots. However, it had no positive effect on biomass production in the remaining hybrids, producing a higher root number but shorter in length. More effort is needed to understand the physiological mechanisms behind the response to combined stress in willows.

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Acknowledgements

This work is part of A.Q.M doctoral studies supported by a CONICET fellowship, Argentina. The study was funded by Grants 300511-UCAR-MAGyP and PNFOR110473-INTA, Argentina.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina

    A. S. Quiñones Martorello, M. E. Fernández & J. E. Gyenge

  2. INTA EEA Balcarce- AETandil, General Rodríguez 370, Tandil, Bs.As., Argentina

    M. E. Fernández & J. E. Gyenge

  3. Facultad Agronomía, UNMDP, Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, Bs.As., Argentina

    A. S. Quiñones Martorello, M. G. Monterubbianesi & M. N. Colabelli

  4. INTA EEA Bariloche- AESan Martín de los Andes, Mascardi 535, San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina

    P. Laclau

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  1. A. S. Quiñones Martorello
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  2. M. E. Fernández
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  3. M. G. Monterubbianesi
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  4. M. N. Colabelli
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  5. P. Laclau
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  6. J. E. Gyenge
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Correspondence to A. S. Quiñones Martorello.

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Online Resource 1

Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH measured in water of hydroponic systems during 120 days of treatment under combined stress and saline stress, applied to cuttings of six clones of Salix spp. Water samples were taken every 20 days to measure EC and pH. Treatments were Control, MS (moderate salinity, NaCl 5 dS/m), MS + HypO (moderate salinity + hypoxia); HS (high salinity, NaCl 10 dS/m) and HS + HypO (high salinity + hypoxia). The values correspond to the mean ± SE of three independent replicates. In the same treatment, means with a lowercase letter in common indicate no significant difference between measurement dates during the treatment (Tuckey test, P > 0.05). Means with a capital letter in common indicate no significant difference between treatments in the same date (Tuckey test, P > 0.05). (DOCX 1436 kb)

Online resource 2

Number of hypertrophied lenticels in six clones of Salix spp. under saline against combined stress. After 120 days of treatment the number of hypertrophied lenticels was evaluated in the total long cuttings of six clones of Salix exposed to the following treatments: Control, moderate salinity, NaCl 5 dS/m (MS), moderate salinity + hypoxia (MS + HypO), high salinity, NaCl 10 dS/m (HS) and high salinity + hypoxia (HS + HypO) (upper panel) and in three hybrids of Salix alba × Salix matsudana (‘524-50’, ‘NZ 26992’ and ‘Barrett 13-44 INTA’); two hybrids of Salix babylonica × Salix alba (‘Ragonese INTA 131-27’ and ‘Ragonese 131-25 INTA’) and Salix nigra‘Alonzo 4 INTA’ clone (lower panel). Mean ± SE with a lowercase letter in common indicate no significant differences between treatments considering all the clones together (upper panel) or between clones considering all the treatments together (lower panel) (LSD Fisher test P > 0.05). (DOCX 5477 kb)

Online resource 3

Shoot and root biomass production (gr per plant) in six Salix spp. clones exposed to combined stress versus saline stress alone. Mean ± SE with a lowercase letter in common between shoot biomass bars indicate no significant differences between clones (LSD Fisher test, P > 0.05). Mean ± SE with capital letter in common between root biomass bars indicate no significant differences between clones (LSD Fisher test, P > 0.05). The treatments without IBA addition were: Control, Moderate salinity (NaCl 5 dS/m), moderate salinity + hypoxia, high salinity (NaCl, 10 dS/m) and high salinity + hypoxia (HS + HypO). (DOCX 3540 kb)

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Quiñones Martorello, A.S., Fernández, M.E., Monterubbianesi, M.G. et al. Effect of combined stress (salinity + hypoxia) and auxin rooting hormone addition on morphology and growth traits in six Salix spp. clones. New Forests 51, 61–80 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-019-09719-8

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