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Considerations for restoring temperate forests of tomorrow: forest restoration, assisted migration, and bioengineering

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Abstract

Tomorrow’s forests face extreme pressures from contemporary climate change, invasive pests, and anthropogenic demands for other land uses. These pressures, collectively, demand land managers to reassess current and potential forest management practices. We discuss three considerations, functional restoration, assisted migration, and bioengineering, which are currently being debated in the literature and have the potential to be applied independently or concurrently across a variety of scales. The emphasis of functional restoration is to reestablish or maintain functions provided by the forest ecosystem, such as water quality, wildlife habitat, or carbon sequestration. Maintaining function may call upon actions such as assisted migration—moving tree populations within a species current range to aid adaptation to climate change or moving a species far outside its current range to avoid extinction—and we attempt to synthesize an array of assisted migration terminology. In addition, maintenance of species and the functions they provide may also require new technologies, such as genetic engineering, which, compared with traditional approaches to breeding for pest resistance, may be accomplished more rapidly to meet and overcome the challenges of invasive insect and disease pests. As managers develop holistic adaptive strategies to current and future anthropogenic stresses, functional restoration, assisted migration, and bioengineering, either separately or in combinations, deserve consideration, but must be addressed within the context of the restoration goal.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Science Committee for the International Union of Forest Research Organizations symposium, Restoring Forests: What Constitutes Success in the 21st Century?, for the opportunity to present our work and for the invitation to submit a manuscript for this special issue; Brian J. Palik, Associate Editor Andreas Bolte, and four anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments on earlier drafts; Jim Marin for preparing the graphics; and Cuauhtémoc Saenz-Romero for review of Fig. 4. The views expressed are strictly those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the positions or policy of their respective institutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grassland, Shrubland, and Desert Ecosystems, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Moscow, ID, USA

    R. Kasten Dumroese

  2. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

    Mary I. Williams

  3. Center for Forest Disturbance Science, Southern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Athens, GA, USA

    John A. Stanturf

  4. Land and Watershed Management, Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, USA

    J. Bradley St. Clair

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  1. R. Kasten Dumroese
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  2. Mary I. Williams
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  3. John A. Stanturf
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  4. J. Bradley St. Clair
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Correspondence to R. Kasten Dumroese.

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Dumroese, R.K., Williams, M.I., Stanturf, J.A. et al. Considerations for restoring temperate forests of tomorrow: forest restoration, assisted migration, and bioengineering. New Forests 46, 947–964 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9504-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9504-6

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