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Effects of Water and Nutrient Availability in Pinus pinaster Ait. Open Pollinated Families at an Early Age: Growth, Gas Exchange and Water Relations

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Abstract

Growth and physiological responses of Pinus pinaster Ait. to water and nutrient availability were compared in four open pollinated families of Arenas de San Pedro provenance (Central Iberian Peninsula), looking for more useful parameters and growing conditions to be included in early selection programmes of forest trees. Young seedlings were grown in a greenhouse, subjected to high and low water and nutrient regimes, during 14 weeks. Interfamily differences were significant with regard to growth, nutrient content and water-use efficiency (WUE): differences in growth were higher under more favourable growing conditions; gas exchange differences were higher in the short term (9 weeks), indicating a faster reaction to water stress of the better adapted families to these conditions; the highest growth rates were found in the families with the largest plasticity, highest WUE and highest nutrient content. Water regime and nutrients had significant effects on growth, δ13C, gas exchange and water relation parameters. For these parameters the ranking of the families was kept regardless the water × nutrient supply combination and there was not a significant family × treatment interaction. In the long term (14 weeks) higher water supply and nutrient content significantly increased instantaneous WUE. The positive relationships between growth, intrinsic WUE (A/g wv) and δ13C demonstrate that it should be possible to use physiological parameters (e.g. g wv, δ13C) as a surrogate for the efficiency in the use of water, at least if short periods of water stress (up to 2 months long) were frequent, as it occurs in the Mediterranean basin. There was also some indication that the decrease in nitrogen or potassium supply led to increasing stomatal conductance and hence lower WUE.

Resumen

Se estudió la respuesta a la disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes, en cuatro familias de polinización abierta de Pinus pinaster Ait., de la procedencia española de Arenas de San Pedro, con el fin de buscar parámetros fisiológicos y de crecimiento, así como condiciones de cultivo idóneas, que puedan ser utilizados en los programas de selección temprana de la especie. Se cultivaron plantas en un invernadero durante 14 semanas, sometidas a cuatro tratamientos de disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre familias respecto a crecimiento, contenido en nutrientes y eficiencia en el uso del agua (WUE): las diferencias en crecimiento fueron mayores bajo condiciones de cultivo más favorables; las diferencias en intercambio gaseoso fueron más acusadas a las 9 semanas, indicando una mayor velocidad de reacción al estrés hídrico de aquellas familias más adaptadas a estas condiciones; las mayores tasas de crecimiento se obtuvieron en las familias con mayor plasticidad, WUE y contenido en nutrientes. Asimismo, el régimen de riego y fertilización resultó significativo respecto a crecimiento, δ13C, intercambio gaseoso y relaciones hídricas, manteniéndose el ranking entre familias en todos los tratamientos de cultivo ensayados, no siendo significativa, por tanto, la interacción genotipo x ambiente. A más largo plazo (14 semanas) WUE resultó favorecida por la aportación de agua y nutrientes. En especial para N y K, se encontró que la deficiencia en éstos tiende a aumentar la conductancia estomática, reduciendo con ello WUE. La correlación positiva entre crecimiento, WUE intrínsecay δ13C demuestra que el uso de parámetros fisiológicos (p.ej. g wv, δ13C) puede resultar útil en la estimación de WUE, al menos, para aquellas estaciones donde sean frecuentes cortos períodos de estrés hídrico (no más de dos meses), como ocurre en numerosas regiones de clima mediterráneo.

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Fernández, M., Novillo, C. & Pardos, J.A. Effects of Water and Nutrient Availability in Pinus pinaster Ait. Open Pollinated Families at an Early Age: Growth, Gas Exchange and Water Relations. New Forest 31, 321–342 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-8196-8

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